The four Macromolecules

Question 1

six major groups of lipids are :

Answer 1

fatty acids 
triacylglycerides 
phospholipids 
glycolipids
steroids
terpenes

Question 2

fatty acids are the __ for most lipids

Answer 2

building blocks !
they are long chans of carbons and have carboxylic acid on one end.
they can be saturated or unsaturated.

Question 3

saturated fatty acids have …

Answer 3

single C-C bonds

Question 4

unsaturated Fatty acids have…

Answer 4

one or more carbon -carbon double bonds

Question 5

triglycerides have ?

Answer 5

3 carbon backbone called gluycerol which is att to 3 FA’s
they store energy
adipocytes have cytoplasms full of triglycerides

Question 6

phospholipids are made of?

Answer 6

glycerol backbone as well but a polar phosphate group will replace one of the FA’s
phosphate group lies on the opp side of the glycerol from the fatty acids making the phospholipid polar at the phosphate end and non polar at the fatty acid end.
these are amphipathic

Question 7

glycolipids have ?

Answer 7

one or more carbs attatched to the 3 C glycerol backbone. these are also amphipathic . they are found in abundance in membranes of myelinated cells in nervous system

Question 8

steroids are made of?

Answer 8

four ring structure. they include some hormones , vitamin D, and cholesterol.

Question 9

terpens include ?

Answer 9

vitamin A , which is important for vision.

Question 10

what are eicosanoids ?

Answer 10

they are 20 carbon length long. they include prostaglandins , thromboxjnes.
these are released from the cell mem as local hormones that regulate among other things, BP, body temp, and smooth muscle contractions.

Question 11

how are lipids transported in the blood?

Answer 11

via lipoproteins ! - which has a lipid core surrounded by phospholipids. it dissolves lipids in the hydrophobic core, and moves free in aqueous solution due to its hydrophilic shell. liporproteins are classified by their density.

Question 12

proteins are made form chains of aa linked together by

Answer 12

peptide bonds.

Question 13

how many amino acids are essential

Answer 13

10 ! - body can’t make these 10

Question 14

what are the non polar amino acids?

Answer 14

GAPVLIMPT 
G- glycine 
A: alanine
P: proline
V: valine 
L: leucine 
I : isoleucine 
M: methionine 
P : Phenylalanine
T: tryptophan

Question 15

what are the polar aa?

Answer 15

SAGTTC
S: SERINE
A: ASPARAGINE 
G: GLUTAMINE
T: THREONINE 
T: TYROSINE
C: CYSTEINE

Question 16

which aa are acidic?

Answer 16

aspartic acid and glutamic acid

Question 17

which aa are basic?

Answer 17

HAL :
H: histidine
A: arginine
L: lysine

Question 18

what is the primary sequence?

Answer 18

number and sequence of aa in a polypeptide

Question 19

once the primary sequence is formed, the single chain can twist into ?

Answer 19

a helix or lie along side itself to form a B pleated sheet. with the b pleated sheet - the two strands can lie in the same direction or in opp direction (antiparallel).

Question 20

what are both a helices and B pleated sheets reinforced by?

Answer 20

hydrogen bonds- between the carbonyl oxygen and the hydrogen on the amino group.

Question 21

what kind of structures are the A helix and the b pleated sheet?

Answer 21

secondary structure- contribute to the conformation of the protein.

Question 22

what is the tertiary structure?

Answer 22

the 3D shape formed when the peptide chain curls and folds.

Question 23

what are the 5 forces that create tertiary structure?

Answer 23

1) covalent disulphide bonds between two cysteine aa
2) electrostatic interactions between acidic and basic side chains
3) hydrogen bonds
4) van der Waals forces
5) hydrophobic side chains pushed away from water toward the centre of protein

Question 24

what does proline do?

Answer 24

it induces a turn into the polypeptide and will disrupt the a helix and the b pleated sheet formation.

Question 25

what is the quaternary structure?

Answer 25

when 2 or more polypeptide chains bind together , they from the polypeptide chain.

Question 26

the denatured protein looses…

Answer 26

most of its secondary, tertiary and quarterly structure !
often, when the denaturing agent is removed , the protein will spontaneously refold into original conformation. this suggests that aa sequence plays a key role in the conformation of the protein.

Question 27

what are cytochromes?

Answer 27

are proteins that need a prosthetic heme group in order to function. cytochromes get their name from the color that they add to the cell. ex ) hemoglobin and cytochromes of the ETC.

Question 28

what are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 28

sugar and water

the empirical formula is C(H2O)

Question 29

GLUCOSE

Answer 29

The ring form is favoured over the chain form.

the ring form has two anomers ( alpha glucose) and B GLUCOSE

Question 30

what is the diff between the two anomers of glucose?

Answer 30

the hydroxyl group on the anomeric C and the methods group are on opp sides of the carbon ring ( on the alpha glucose)
on the beta glucose ( the hydroxyl group and methods group ) are on the same side of the carbon ring.

Question 31

glycogen

Answer 31

branched glucose polymer with alpha linkages.

large amounts are in the muscle and liver cells.

Question 32

which cells are capable of absorbing glucose against a concentration gradient?

Answer 32

certain epithelial cell in the digestive tract and proximal tubule of the kidney. this is done via secondary active transport, down the concentration gradient of sodium.
all other cells absorb glucose via facilitated diffusion.
insulin would inc the rate of facilitated diffusion for glucose. in the absence of insulin, only neural and liver cells are capable of absorbing sufficient amounts of glucose via facilitated transport.

Question 33

plants form starch and cellulose from glucose.

Answer 33

starch has two forms. amylose and amylopectin.

Question 34

cellulose has what linkages?

Answer 34

beta linkages - which most animals cannot digest. most animals have enzymes to digest the alpha linkages of starch and glycogen.

Question 35

what are the 3 components of nucleotides?

Answer 35

a 5 carbon sugar
a nitrogenous base
a phosphate group

Question 36

what are nucleotides joined together by?

Answer 36

phosphodiester bonds ! between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucleotide

Question 37

Minerals

Answer 37

dissolved organic and inorganic ions inside and outside of the cell. they create electrochemical gradient across membranes, they assist in the transport of substances across the membrane. they can also combine and solidify to give strength to a matrix like hydroxyapatite in bone.
minerals also act as cofactors - assist enzymes or protein function.