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Histology Exam 2 Material > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

The fibrous tunic of the eye is ____ and ____

A

Sclera (tunica fibrosa)

Cornea

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2
Q

The Vascular tunic is what three things

A

Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris

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3
Q

The inner tunic is what

A

Retina

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4
Q

The fovea centralis

A

point where you have the sharpest visual acuity

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5
Q

What part of the fibrous tunic is transparent

A

The cornea

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6
Q

What part of the fibrous tunic is opaque

A

Sclera

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7
Q

The sclera is lined by the

A

middle or vascular pigmented layer that absorbs light

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8
Q

What is the limbus

A

the zone of transition of the epithelium of the conjunctiva with that of the cornea. it is also the boundary of the transparent cornea with the opaque sclera

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9
Q

What are the functions of the corneoscleral coat

A
  • Protects the inner structures of the eye

- Together with the intramural fluid pressure, it maintains the shape and consistency of the eyeball

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the Sclera

A

Episcleral layer and Sclera proper

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the sclera

A

Episcleral layer

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12
Q

What is the structure of the episcleral layer

A

loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers

highly vascularized

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13
Q

The episcleral layer attaches

A

the lining of the eyelid (conjunctiva) to the sclera

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14
Q

What is the strucuture of the Sclera proper

A

Made up of interlacing collagen fibers

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15
Q

The Sclera proper is the attachment site for

A

tendons of extrinsic eye muscles

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16
Q

Collagen bundles of the sclera proper are alway aligned _____ to outer surface of sclera

A

Parallel

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17
Q

What is the lamina cribrosa of the eye

A

perforated disc of the sclera

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18
Q

The Lamina cribrosa provide a passthrough for

A

The optic nerve fibers

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19
Q

Anteriorly the sclera is continuous with

A

the cornea

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20
Q

The junction between the two scleral layers is

A

the limbus (it is highly vascularized)

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21
Q

Posteriorly the sclera is continuous with the

A

dual covering of the optic nerve

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22
Q

How many layers does the cornea have

A

5

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23
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea

A 
Corneal epithelium
Bowman's membrane 
Corneal Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Corneal endothelium
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24
Q

The corneal epithelium is what kind of epithelium and how many layers

A

5-6 layers of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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25
Q

The corneal epithelium has high ____ activity in the basal layer

A

mitotic

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26
Q

What is the turnover rate for the corneal epithelium

A

1 week

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27
Q

What is bowman’s membrane

A

Acellular layer separates the corneal epithelium from stroma

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28
Q

Boman’s membrane structure

A

randomly arranged collagen fibers

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29
Q

What is the structure/compositions of corneal stroma

A

Thin layers of ordered arrays of collagen fibers

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30
Q

What is the structure/composition of Descemet’s membrane

A

Acellular layer of collagen bundles

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31
Q

Separates storm from endothelium

A

Descemet’s membrane

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32
Q

Single layer of large squamous cells in in the cornea

A

Corneal endothelium

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33
Q

The basal cells of the corneal epithelium are anchored to Bowman’s layer by

A

hemidesmosomes

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34
Q

Corneal endothelium contain abundant mitochondria, why?

A

They participate in the active transport of material form aqueous humor into descemet’s membrane and part of the corneal stroma

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35
Q

_____ nerves can be found in the storm. After crossing Bowman’s layer nerves become ________ and extend toward the surface in the intercellular spaces of the corneal epithelium

A

myelinated, unmyelinated

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36
Q

are blood vessels present in the stroma

A

No

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37
Q

The stroma of the cornea is formed by collagen lamellae oriented at

A

an angle to one another

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38
Q

The choroid extend anterior to

A

ora serrate of the retina

39
Q

The choroid is _____ vascularized with _____ CT

A

highly , loose CT

40
Q

Contains small blood vessels that supply cells of the retina

A

Choriocapillary network

41
Q

Choroid forms the ________ network

A

choriocapillary

42
Q

The loose CT of the Choroid functions

A

Highly vascularized
forms choriocapillary network
provides nutrients to outer layers of the retina
consists of medium and large arteries and veins as well as a widebore capillary network
Contains melanocytes

43
Q

What is brush’s (glassy) membrane

A

Acellular fused basal laminae of choriocapillaris and pigmented retinal epithelium

44
Q

Bruch’s membrane is formed by

A

The basal lamina of the pigmented epithelium
Subjacent layers of collagenous and elastic fibers
The basal lamina of endothelial cells of the underlying capillary network (choriocapillaris)

45
Q

Wedge-shaped expansion of choroid peripheral to the lens

A

Ciliary body

46
Q

The ciliary body is covered by

A

a double layer of cells

47
Q

The innermost layer of ciliary body is continuous with

A

the pigmented layer of the retina

48
Q

The surface/outer layer of the ciliary body is from the

A

sensory layer of the retina

49
Q

Where is aqueous humor produced

A

in the endothelial layer of ciliary body

50
Q

______extend to just behind lens equator and anchor the lens in place

A

suspensory ligaments (of Zinn)

51
Q

Where are the suspensory ligaments (of Zinn) located

A

in the ciliary body

52
Q

Ciliary muscles structure and function

A

smooth muscle mass that changes the shape of the lens

innervated by parasympathetic neurons

53
Q

What part of the eye are the ciliary muscles located

A

in the Ciliary body, which is part of the Vascular tunic (urea)

54
Q

The iris has how many surfaces

A

two

55
Q

The anterior surface of the iris lacks

A

epithelial lining

56
Q

The posterior surface of the iris is lined by

A

dual layer of pigmented epithelial cells, a direct continuation of the pigmented layer of the retina

57
Q

The sphincter pupillae

A

Consisting of smooth muscle cells
has acetylcholine receptors and is innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers
contraction constricts pupil (miosis)

58
Q

Dilator pupillae

A

consisting of myoepithelial cells
contains alpha adrenergic receptors and is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers
- contraction of the dilator causes pupil dilation (mydriasis)

59
Q

What are the 3 components of aqueous humor

A

H20, Na+, Cl-

60
Q

The aqueous humor is produced by

A

ciliary epithelium lining the ciliary processes

61
Q

______ is a modified annular vessel forming a complete circle at the apex of the anterior chamber angle (corneal-irideal angle)

A

Canal of Schlemm

62
Q

The obstruction in the drainage of aqueous humor leads to an increase in intraocular pressure that gradually damages the retina and causes blindness if untreated. This condition is called ___

A

glaucoma

63
Q

What is the major escape route of the aqueous humor

A

The canal of Sclemm.

64
Q

What are the two groups of ciliary muscles responsible for

A

one group of muscles is responsible for flattening the lens

A second group of muscles is responsible for allowing the lens to become thicker

65
Q

The nonpigmented suface layer of cells in the ciliary body secrete aqueous humor where

A

into the posterior chamber

66
Q

The non pigmented surface layer of cells in a ciliary body have _____ infoldings

A

basal

67
Q

Aquesous humor percolates through

A

Travecular network and flows into canal of Schlemm

68
Q

Where is the iris located

A

anterior to the lens and separates the anterior and posterior chambers

69
Q

The Iris surrounds the

A

Pupil

70
Q

The angle of the iris is formed at

A

lateral borders of the anterior chamber

71
Q

The iris angle is composed of

A

loose CT

72
Q

The angle of the iris is part of the passageway for

A

aqueous humor

73
Q

The iris has how many layers of epithelium

A

2

74
Q

The inner layer of the iris is composed of

A

pigmented epithelial cells

75
Q

The outer layer of the iris is composed of

A

radially oriented myofilaments (dilate) and concentric layer of myofilaments (constrict)

76
Q

The more melanocytes present in the iris the

A

darker the iris

77
Q

What are the two subdivision of the retina

A

The photosensitive region, which lies posterior to the ora serrata
The nonphotosensitive region which lies anterior to the ora serrata

78
Q

What is the optic disc

A

region on posterior aspect of the eye where optic nerve exits
has no photosensitive retina and constitutes the blind spot

79
Q

what is the location of the fovea centralis

A

2.5 mm lateral to optic disc (note that the optic disc is posterior to the ora serrata and is on the posterior aspect of the eye where the optic nerve exits)

80
Q

The fovea centralis contains ______ pigment

A

yellow

81
Q

What is the macula lutea

A

The yellow pigment at the fovea centralis

82
Q

The fovea centralis contains what type (s) of photoreceptors

A

only cone-type

83
Q

What is the area of most acute vision

A

The fovea centralis

84
Q

The nonphotosensitive region of the retina, which lies anterior to the ora serrata consists of ____ cell layers covering, iris, ciliary body and ciliary processes

A

two cell layers

85
Q

The anterior chamber is posterior to _____ and anterior to ____

A

cornea, and anterior to iris

86
Q

what is posterior to the cornea and anterior to the iris

A

The anterior chamber

87
Q

what is posterior to iris and anterior to lens

A

Posterior chamber

88
Q

What is the chamber posterior to the lens

A

The vitreal chamber

89
Q

What chamber contains the vitreous body

A

vitreal chamber

90
Q

In the vireal chamber what is the site of a fetal artery

A

the hyaloid canal

91
Q

The hyaloid canal is the site of what

A

a fetal artery

92
Q

The vitreous body is a _____ mass composed of

A

gelatinous mass composed of 99% water, hyaluronic acid, and vitrein

93
Q

What is glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure due to compromised drainage of aqueous humor from anterior chamber

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

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