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Histology Exam 2 Material > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Stem cells characteristics

A

may proliferate extremely well
self-renewing
may differentiate into several (at least 2) different cell-Types
may reconstitute tissues after injury

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2
Q

What does Totipotent

A

Cells give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development).

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3
Q

Is a zygote totipotent

A

yes

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4
Q

What is pluripotent

A

Pluripotent cells give rise to all cells fo the embryo and subsequently adult tissues (embryonic stem cells)

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5
Q

Are embryonic stem cells totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent

A

pluripotent

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6
Q

What is multipotent

A

Multipotent cells give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells).

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7
Q

Embryonic stem cells are derived from

A

Inner-Cell mass of blastocyst

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8
Q

Embryonic stem cells may be induced from ____ tissues

A

adult

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9
Q

Adult stem cells are harvested from

A

mature organs/tissues (bone marrow)

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10
Q

Adult stem cells are totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent

A

multipotent

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11
Q

What limitations do adult stem cells have vs. embryonic stem cells

A

more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew

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12
Q

At 2-8 weeks of gestation islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) are found in the ______

A

Yolk sac wall

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13
Q

at 208 weeks of gestation the islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) in the yolk sac wall give rise to

A

nucleated erythrocytes

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14
Q

Do leukocytes form during 2-8 weeks of gestation

A

No

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15
Q

During 8-28 weeks of gestation hematopoiesis first occurs in the ___ and then the ____

A

liver and then the spleen

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16
Q

Hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen ceases around the time of

A

Birth

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17
Q

when does hematopoiesis begin to occur in the red bone marrow

A

6 months gestation to birth and beyond

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18
Q

At birth all the bone marrow is

A

Red marrow

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19
Q

Red bone marrow is the source of

A

all blood cells

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20
Q

Prior to puberty red bone marrow is located in

A

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles, pelvis, long bones

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21
Q

After puberty red bone marrow is located in

A

Skull, ribs, sternum, verebrae, clavicles, and pelvis

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22
Q

In time, most of marrow is converted to _____ marrow, and red marrow is usually restricted to _____ and _____

A

yellow, sternum, iliac crests

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23
Q

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

in certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen

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24
Q

The stroma contains what kind of cells

A

fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, and endothelial cells

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25
Q

The stroma synthesizes and secretes

A

Hematopoietic growth factors

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26
Q

The parenchyma consists of

A

Various lineages of hematopoietic cells in different stages of differentation

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27
Q

What are sinusoids

A

endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial and venous vessels

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28
Q

What is the function of sinusoids

A

provides access for mature blood cells to move into the circulation

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29
Q

What hematopoietic cords

A

Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids

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30
Q

What is the total percent of granulocytopoiesis

A

60%

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31
Q

What is the percentage of erythrocytopoieis

A

30%

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32
Q

What is the percentagge of thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, lymphocytopoiesis

A

10%

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33
Q

What is Myeloid/erythroid ratio

A

total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis/ total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis

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34
Q

What is the normal myeloid/erythroid ratio

A

3:1

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35
Q

What is the ratio of myeloid/erythroid that is an example of chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

8:1

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36
Q

What is the ratio of myeloid/erythroid that shows a polycythemia

A

1:5

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37
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage CFU can become what

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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38
Q

Mature blood cells migrate from the _________through the sinusoidal endothelial walls into the sinusoids

A

Hematopoietic cords

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39
Q

___________ (site of platelet production) are too large to translocate and must remain in the stroma

A

Megakaryocytes

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40
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent and commiteed to what two stem cell lineages

A

myeloid or lymphoid stem cell lineages

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41
Q

Can hematopoietic stem cells self-renew

A

yes

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42
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells produce two kinds of ________ precursor cells, and what are they

A

multipotential, myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell

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43
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to

A

all blood cell lines except lymphocytes

44
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

How are hematopoietic stem cells identified

A

Can’t be identified by morphology but can be recognized by cell surface markers

46
Q

Luekocytes differentiate into what two sub classes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

47
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils

48
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

49
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to how many kinds of colony-forming units

A

5

50
Q

What are the 5 colony forming units that myeloid stem cells give rise to

A 
Erythroid CFU
Megokaryocyte CFU
Basophil CFU
Eosinophil CFU
Eosinophil CFU
Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU
51
Q

Erythroid CFU gives produces what kind of cells

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

52
Q

Megokaryocyte CFU produces what kind of cells

A

Platelets

53
Q

Basophil CFU is acted on my ______ to produce myelobast

A

SFC (stem cell factor or c-kit ligand)

54
Q

What acts on Granulocyte-Macrohage CFU to produce neutrotphils

A

G-CSF

55
Q

What acts on Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU to produce Monoblasts

A

M-CSF

56
Q

What acts on Erythroid CFU to produce proerythroblasts

A

Erythropoietin

57
Q

What acts on Megokaryocyte CFU to produce megakaryocytoblast

A

Thrombopoietin

58
Q

What type of cell (s) produce G-CSF

A

endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages

59
Q

What are the three major groups of hematopoietic growth factors

A

colony-stimulating factors, Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, Cytokines (primarily interleukins)

60
Q

What is the function of GM-CSF

A

it leads to the myeloid stem cell becoming basophil CFU, Eosinophil CFU, or Granulocyte-macrophage CFU

61
Q

What is the function of Interleukins

A

Act on hematopoietic stem cells to protduce Lymphoid stem cell

62
Q

T-cells mature in the

A

Thymus

63
Q

B-Cell mature in the

A

Bone marrow

64
Q

describe the lineage of macrophage

A

Hematopoietic stem cells–> Myeloid Stem cell–>Granulocyte-macrophage CFU—> Monoblast—> promonocyte–> Monocyte—> Macrophage

65
Q

In the macrophage lineage what is the cell type that is normally found in the blood

A

Monocyte

66
Q

Describe the cell lineage of a Neutrophil

A

Hematopoietic stem cell–> Myeloid Stem Cell–> Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU–> Myeloblast —> Promyelocyte—> Myelocyte —> Metamyelocyte—-> Band cell—-> Neutrophil

67
Q

What are the cells in the Neutrophil cell lineage that can be found in the circulation

A 
Band cells (not common unless rapid turnover of neutrophils)
Neurtrophils
68
Q

What are macrophages in the bone named

A

Osteoclasts

69
Q

What are macrohages in the skin named

A

Langerhans cells

70
Q

What are macrophages in brain named

A

Microglia cells

71
Q

Where are macrophages found in the spleen

A

in the red pulp

72
Q

What are macrophages in the liver called

A

Kupffer cell

73
Q

What are macrophages in the lungs called

A

alveolar macrophage or dust cell

74
Q

What percentage of cells in the liver are kupffer cells

A

56%

75
Q

Monocytes circulate for how long before migrating into tissues

A

14 hours

76
Q

What percentage of cells in the lungs are dust cells

A

15%

77
Q

What are the two cell niches

A

Vascular niche and Endosteal niche

78
Q

Mast cells are derived from

A

Basophils

79
Q

Band cells turn into

A

Eosinophil, Neutrophil, and Basophils

80
Q

What is the lineage for eosinophils and basophils

A

hematopoetic stem cell–> myeloid stem cell –> Eosinophil CFU or Basophil CFU—> Myelobast—-> Promyelocyte—-> myelocyte—-> metamyelocyte–> Band cell–> eosinophil or basophil

81
Q

What is cell lineage for platelets

A

Megakaryocyte CFU—> megakaryoblast–> megakaryocyte—-> platelets

82
Q

What is the cell lineage for a erythrocyte

A

erythroid CFU–> proerythroblast–> basophilic erythroblast–> polychromatophilic erythroblast—> orthochromatic erythroblast—> Reticulocyte—-> Erythrocyte

83
Q

What cells in the erythrocyte lineage can be found in circulation

A

Reticulocytes and erythrocytes

84
Q

When are reticulocytes found in blood

A

when someone is rapidly forming red blood cells. often when dealing with acute anemia. they are called reticulocytes because they have remnants of their rough ER

85
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are produced by

A

endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells

86
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are all glycoproteins

A

yes

87
Q

GM-CSF is produced by

A

endothelial cells, T cells, firboblasts, and monocytes

88
Q

GM-CSF stimulates

A

Granulocytopoiesis and moncytopoiesis

89
Q

what is used to ameliorates neuropenia associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy

A

GM-CSF and G-CSF

90
Q

What are the synthetic forms of GM-CSF

A

Sargramostim or melgramostim

91
Q

G-CSF is produced by

A

endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages

92
Q

What is the function of G-CSF

A

Directs CFU-GM to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts

93
Q

What is the function of M-CSF

A

commits CFU-GM to monocytic pathway

94
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin

A

Directs CFU-E to proliferate and differentiate into proeryhtroblasts

95
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced

A

Produced by the interstitial cells in the renal cortex in response to decrease in oxygen saturation

96
Q

What is secondary polycythemia

A

abnormal increase in total RBC mass resulting from hypoxia and stimulating release of erythropoietin
Possible causes include Tetralogy of Fallot and Cigarette smoke

97
Q

What is the function of thrombopoietin

A

directs formation of megakaryoblasts

98
Q

Where is thrombopoietin formed

A

in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney

and in parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver

99
Q

What is the function of cytokines (primarily interleukins)

A

mediate positive and negative affects on cellular quiescence, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation
engage specific receptors and activate a variety of signaling pathways

100
Q

Cytokins (primarily interleukins) engage ______ and activate what

A

specific receptors and activate a variety of signaling pathways

101
Q

What are some examples of cytokines (primarily interleukins)

A

Interleukin-3
GM-CSF
Fit-3 ligand
Kit ligand

102
Q

What are the functions of chemokines

A

regulate blood cell trafficking and homing to sites of need

may serve as positive and negative growth regulators

103
Q

Where do chemokines bind

A

to guanine protein-coupled transmembrane receptors

104
Q

What is an example of a chemokine

A

Sdf-1

105
Q

What are some ECM components that regulate hematopoesis

A

Heparin sulphates, collagens, laminin, fibronectin

106
Q

Chemokins may serve as what

A

positive and negative hematopoietic growth factors

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

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