Hematopoiesis Flashcards by Tyler Turner

Stem cells characteristics

may proliferate extremely well
self-renewing
may differentiate into several (at least 2) different cell-Types
may reconstitute tissues after injury

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What does Totipotent

Cells give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development).

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Is a zygote totipotent

yes

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What is pluripotent

Pluripotent cells give rise to all cells fo the embryo and subsequently adult tissues (embryonic stem cells)

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Are embryonic stem cells totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent

pluripotent

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What is multipotent

Multipotent cells give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells).

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Embryonic stem cells are derived from

Inner-Cell mass of blastocyst

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Embryonic stem cells may be induced from ____ tissues

adult

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Adult stem cells are harvested from

mature organs/tissues (bone marrow)

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Adult stem cells are totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent

multipotent

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What limitations do adult stem cells have vs. embryonic stem cells

more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew

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At 2-8 weeks of gestation islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) are found in the ______

Yolk sac wall

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at 208 weeks of gestation the islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) in the yolk sac wall give rise to

nucleated erythrocytes

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Do leukocytes form during 2-8 weeks of gestation

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During 8-28 weeks of gestation hematopoiesis first occurs in the ___ and then the ____

liver and then the spleen

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Hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen ceases around the time of

Birth

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when does hematopoiesis begin to occur in the red bone marrow

6 months gestation to birth and beyond

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At birth all the bone marrow is

Red marrow

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Red bone marrow is the source of

all blood cells

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Prior to puberty red bone marrow is located in

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles, pelvis, long bones

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After puberty red bone marrow is located in

Skull, ribs, sternum, verebrae, clavicles, and pelvis

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In time, most of marrow is converted to _____ marrow, and red marrow is usually restricted to _____ and _____

yellow, sternum, iliac crests

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What is extramedullary hematopoiesis

in certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen

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The stroma contains what kind of cells

fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, and endothelial cells

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The stroma synthesizes and secretes

Hematopoietic growth factors

The parenchyma consists of

Various lineages of hematopoietic cells in different stages of differentation

What are sinusoids

endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial and venous vessels

What is the function of sinusoids

provides access for mature blood cells to move into the circulation

What hematopoietic cords

Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids

What is the total percent of granulocytopoiesis

60%

What is the percentage of erythrocytopoieis

30%

What is the percentagge of thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, lymphocytopoiesis

10%

What is Myeloid/erythroid ratio

total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis/ total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis

What is the normal myeloid/erythroid ratio

3:1

What is the ratio of myeloid/erythroid that is an example of chronic myelogenous leukemia

8:1

What is the ratio of myeloid/erythroid that shows a polycythemia

1:5

Granulocyte-macrophage CFU can become what

macrophages and neutrophils

Mature blood cells migrate from the _________through the sinusoidal endothelial walls into the sinusoids

Hematopoietic cords

___________ (site of platelet production) are too large to translocate and must remain in the stroma

Megakaryocytes

Hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent and commiteed to what two stem cell lineages

myeloid or lymphoid stem cell lineages

Can hematopoietic stem cells self-renew

yes

Hematopoietic stem cells produce two kinds of ________ precursor cells, and what are they

multipotential, myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to

all blood cell lines except lymphocytes

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

lymphocytes

How are hematopoietic stem cells identified

Can't be identified by morphology but can be recognized by cell surface markers

Luekocytes differentiate into what two sub classes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What are the three types of granulocytes

Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils

What are the two types of agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Myeloid stem cells give rise to how many kinds of colony-forming units

What are the 5 colony forming units that myeloid stem cells give rise to

``` Erythroid CFU Megokaryocyte CFU Basophil CFU Eosinophil CFU Eosinophil CFU Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU ```

Erythroid CFU gives produces what kind of cells

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Megokaryocyte CFU produces what kind of cells

Platelets

Basophil CFU is acted on my ______ to produce myelobast

SFC (stem cell factor or c-kit ligand)

What acts on Granulocyte-Macrohage CFU to produce neutrotphils

G-CSF

What acts on Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU to produce Monoblasts

M-CSF

What acts on Erythroid CFU to produce proerythroblasts

Erythropoietin

What acts on Megokaryocyte CFU to produce megakaryocytoblast

Thrombopoietin

What type of cell (s) produce G-CSF

endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages

What are the three major groups of hematopoietic growth factors

colony-stimulating factors, Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, Cytokines (primarily interleukins)

What is the function of GM-CSF

it leads to the myeloid stem cell becoming basophil CFU, Eosinophil CFU, or Granulocyte-macrophage CFU

What is the function of Interleukins

Act on hematopoietic stem cells to protduce Lymphoid stem cell

T-cells mature in the

Thymus

B-Cell mature in the

Bone marrow

describe the lineage of macrophage

Hematopoietic stem cells--> Myeloid Stem cell-->Granulocyte-macrophage CFU---> Monoblast---> promonocyte--> Monocyte---> Macrophage

In the macrophage lineage what is the cell type that is normally found in the blood

Monocyte

Describe the cell lineage of a Neutrophil

Hematopoietic stem cell--> Myeloid Stem Cell--> Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU--> Myeloblast ---> Promyelocyte---> Myelocyte ---> Metamyelocyte----> Band cell----> Neutrophil

What are the cells in the Neutrophil cell lineage that can be found in the circulation

``` Band cells (not common unless rapid turnover of neutrophils) Neurtrophils ```

What are macrophages in the bone named

Osteoclasts

What are macrohages in the skin named

Langerhans cells

What are macrophages in brain named

Microglia cells

Where are macrophages found in the spleen

in the red pulp

What are macrophages in the liver called

Kupffer cell

What are macrophages in the lungs called

alveolar macrophage or dust cell

What percentage of cells in the liver are kupffer cells

56%

Monocytes circulate for how long before migrating into tissues

14 hours

What percentage of cells in the lungs are dust cells

15%

What are the two cell niches

Vascular niche and Endosteal niche

Mast cells are derived from

Basophils

Band cells turn into

Eosinophil, Neutrophil, and Basophils

What is the lineage for eosinophils and basophils

hematopoetic stem cell--> myeloid stem cell --> Eosinophil CFU or Basophil CFU---> Myelobast----> Promyelocyte----> myelocyte----> metamyelocyte--> Band cell--> eosinophil or basophil

What is cell lineage for platelets

Megakaryocyte CFU---> megakaryoblast--> megakaryocyte----> platelets

What is the cell lineage for a erythrocyte

erythroid CFU--> proerythroblast--> basophilic erythroblast--> polychromatophilic erythroblast---> orthochromatic erythroblast---> Reticulocyte----> Erythrocyte

What cells in the erythrocyte lineage can be found in circulation

Reticulocytes and erythrocytes

When are reticulocytes found in blood

when someone is rapidly forming red blood cells. often when dealing with acute anemia. they are called reticulocytes because they have remnants of their rough ER

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are produced by

endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are all glycoproteins

yes

GM-CSF is produced by

endothelial cells, T cells, firboblasts, and monocytes

GM-CSF stimulates

Granulocytopoiesis and moncytopoiesis

what is used to ameliorates neuropenia associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy

GM-CSF and G-CSF

What are the synthetic forms of GM-CSF

Sargramostim or melgramostim

G-CSF is produced by

endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages

What is the function of G-CSF

Directs CFU-GM to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts

What is the function of M-CSF

commits CFU-GM to monocytic pathway

What is the function of erythropoietin

Directs CFU-E to proliferate and differentiate into proeryhtroblasts

Where is erythropoietin produced

Produced by the interstitial cells in the renal cortex in response to decrease in oxygen saturation

What is secondary polycythemia

abnormal increase in total RBC mass resulting from hypoxia and stimulating release of erythropoietin Possible causes include Tetralogy of Fallot and Cigarette smoke

What is the function of thrombopoietin

directs formation of megakaryoblasts

Where is thrombopoietin formed

in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney | and in parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver

What is the function of cytokines (primarily interleukins)

mediate positive and negative affects on cellular quiescence, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation engage specific receptors and activate a variety of signaling pathways

Cytokins (primarily interleukins) engage ______ and activate what

specific receptors and activate a variety of signaling pathways

What are some examples of cytokines (primarily interleukins)

Interleukin-3 GM-CSF Fit-3 ligand Kit ligand

What are the functions of chemokines

regulate blood cell trafficking and homing to sites of need | may serve as positive and negative growth regulators

Where do chemokines bind

to guanine protein-coupled transmembrane receptors

What is an example of a chemokine

Sdf-1

What are some ECM components that regulate hematopoesis

Heparin sulphates, collagens, laminin, fibronectin

Chemokins may serve as what

positive and negative hematopoietic growth factors