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Histology Exam 2 Material > Osteogenesis and Joints > Flashcards

Osteogenesis and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the rolling is not a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
A.) Type II Collagen
B.) not surrounded by perichondrium
C.) Found in intervertebral discs
D.) Increased collagen in the matrix
E.) neither A nor B are characteristics of Fibrocartilage

A

A.) Fibrocartilage does not have Type II collagen it has Type I

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2
Q 
Which of the following is not part of a Haversian system?
A.) Periosteum
B.) Lacunae
C.) Lamellae
D.) Volkmann Canals
E.) Canalciuli
A

A.) Periosteum

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3
Q 
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following?
A.) Osteoprotegerin
B.) M-CSF
C.) RANKL
D.) All of the Above
E) Only B and C
A

E.) only B and C

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4
Q

What signals control the aggregation of mesenchymal cells

A

Wnt, Hedghog, FGF, TGF-Beta

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5
Q

what is a blastema

A

Osteoblasts that are trapped by osteoid, which they secreted

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6
Q

Trapped osteoblasts are called what

A

Osteocytes

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7
Q

Mineralization of cartilage occurs via _______

A

Calcium ions

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8
Q

Calcification is a form of ___________ but is not a ossification

A

mineralization

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9
Q

Osteoblasts are derived from what kinds of cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

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10
Q

In intramembraneous bone formation the primary ossification center becomes a ______

A

trabecula

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11
Q

Numerous trabeculae fuse together to form what

A

Spongy bone

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12
Q

In intramembraneous bone formation osteoblasts form an epithelial-like covering over the surface of primary bone tissue and can secrete more _______ on the surface

A

Osteoid

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13
Q

In intramembranous bone formation osteoid includes ______ and _____ proteins

A

Collagen I and non-collagen

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14
Q

The initial bone formed in intramembraneous bone formation is _____

A

Woven bone

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15
Q

In Woven bone the collagen fibers are arranged ______

A

randomly

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16
Q

As collagen fibers become aligned the bone becomes

A

Lamellar

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17
Q

What is diploe

A

Layer of spongy bone that is enclosed by two layers of compact bone

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18
Q

What is it called when Lamellae become symmetrically arranged around a blood vessel forming an osteon

A

Haversian system

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19
Q

Explain Intramembraneous ossification

A
  1. ) Mesenchymal cells aggregate without a cartilage intermediate (controlled by patterning signals form polypeptides of the Wnt, hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor- beta families)
  2. ) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. a bone blastema is formed. Osteocytes within the core of the blastema are interconnected by cell processes forming a functional syncytium. Osteoblasts line the surface of the bone blastema
  3. ) Bone matrix (osteoid)- is deposited by osteoblasts. Later, Ca2+ transported by blood vessels, is sed in the mineralization process and primary bone tissue is formed. Osteoclasts initiate the modeling of the bone tissue.
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20
Q

Why is endochondral bone formation a misnomer

A

because endochondral means bone formation inside of cartilage and truly cartilage is replaced by bone

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21
Q

Where does the primary ossification center in endochondral bone formation occur

A

in future diaphysis of cartilage model

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22
Q

Explain endochondral bone formation

A

chondrocytes become hypertrophic, chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factors
blood vessels break through perichondrium, bringing in osteoprogenitor cells
hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of clarified matrix.
Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid
Osteoid is calcified

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23
Q

note cartilage is ___________ by bone, it is not _________ into bone

A

replaced, transformed

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24
Q

the epiphyses and diaphyses are separated initially by _________

A

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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25
Q

What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate

A

Reserve zone, Proliferative zone, Hypertrophic zone, Vascular invasion zone

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26
Q

What are the functions of hypertrophic chondrocytes

A

Form calcified matrix, Synthesize Type X collagen, Secrete Vascular endothelial GF, Signal perichondrial cells to become osteoblasts

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27
Q

what is the zone of proliferation stimulated by

A

Indian hedgehog (ihh) which also prevents hypertrophy

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28
Q

What is the template of a long bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

what forms the periosteal collar

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

30
Q

What is a joint

A

where two bones come together

31
Q

What are examples of symphyses

A

intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis

32
Q

what are symphyses joined by

A

Fibrocartilage

33
Q

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) are joined by

A

hyaline or fibrocartilage

34
Q

what are the 3 types joints

A

Amphiarthroses, Synarthroses, Diarthroses

35
Q

What are Synchondrosis joints by what

A

Hyaline cartilage

36
Q

what are some examples of synchondroses

A

epiphyseal plates and the first sternocostal joint

37
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

A

Symphysis and Synchondrosis

38
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints (synarthroses)

A

Suture, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis

39
Q

What are bone of Fibrous joints (synarthroses) joined by

A

Collagenous and/or elastic fibrous CT

40
Q

Where are examples of Suture joints

A

between the bones of the calvaria

41
Q

Where are Gomphosis joints located

A

This is a “peg-in- the-socket joint such as the teeth in the alveoli

42
Q

Where are Syndesmosis found

A

bones are joined by an interosseous fibrous membrane such as the fibrous membrane between the tibia and fibula

43
Q

What are synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

These are the movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule surrounding a fluid-filled joint space

44
Q

What are synovial joints (diarthroses) reinforced by

A

thickenings of the outer part of the capsule referred to as ligaments

45
Q

What stabilizes the capsule and the joint in synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

Ligaments

46
Q

What is the role of ligaments in synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

stabilize the castle and the joint, control and restrict direction and range of motion, reinforce the synovial joints

47
Q

Joints allowing movement in one plane only are _____

A

monaxial

48
Q

What are two types of Monaxial joints

A

hinge joints and Pivot joints

49
Q

Hinge joints include

A

the humeroulnar and knee joints

50
Q

Pivot joints include

A

Atlantoaxial and radioulnar joints

51
Q

Joints allowing movement in two planes are called ____

A

biaxial

52
Q

what are two types of biaxial joints

A

condyloid joints and saddle (sellers) joint

53
Q

Examples of Condyloid joints

A

metacarpophalangeal and atlantooccipital joints

54
Q

Examples of saddle (sellers) joint

A

First carpometacarpal joint

55
Q

Joints allowing movement in three planes are ____

A

Triaxial

56
Q

What are some examples of triaxial joints

A

ball-and-socket joints such as the glenohumeral and the femoroacetabular joints

57
Q

what are ligaments attached by

A

Sharpey’s fibers

58
Q

Articular cartilage is composed of what kind of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

59
Q

Does the Articular cartilage lack perichondrium

A

Yes

60
Q

Is articular cartilage lined by synovial membrane

A

No

61
Q

What is the joint capsule composed of

A

Vascularized dense CT

62
Q

Is the joint capsule lined by synovial membrane

A

Yes

63
Q

The joint capsule is attached to the edges of what

A

the articular cartilage

64
Q

The synovial membrane is composed of

A

highly vascularized (fenestrated capillaries)

65
Q

The synovial membranes is composed of how many layers of synovial cells

A

1-3 layers

66
Q

Does the synovial membrane have a basal lamina

A

No

67
Q

The synovial fluid is composed of

A

contains mucin (hyaluronic acid- protein complex)

68
Q

What produces the synovial fluid

A

Synovial cells

69
Q

What are the two types of synovial cells

A

Type A and Type B

70
Q

What is a type A synovial cell like

A

Macrophage-like

71
Q

What is a Type B synovial cell like

A

Fibroblast-like

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

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