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Histology Exam 2 Material > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

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2
Q

Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle located

A

On the periphery

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle have a _______ arrangement

A

Sarcomeric

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle has a ________ syncytium

A

Multinucleated

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5
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated via

A

a single motor neuron

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6
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle is

A

all or none

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle contains what troponin

A

C

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are formed during embryonic development when ?

A

Hundreds of individual mononucleated myoblasts join end-to-end to form a myotube

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9
Q

The myotube matures into the what

A

cylindrical myocyte with hundreds of nuclei

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10
Q

Each myocyte is about ___ to ___ in diameter

A

50 to 60 micrometers

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11
Q

Type I skeletal muscle fibers have intense staining for what

A

oxidative enzymes

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12
Q

Type I myofibers are rich in what 3 components

A

NADH transferase, myoglobin, ATPase

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13
Q

Type I myofiber types possess many ?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Type I myofbers primarily utilize what for energy

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

Type I myofibers produce ___ and ____ contractions

A

Slow and continuous

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16
Q

Type I myofbers are referred to as _____ or ____ fibers

A

dark or red

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17
Q

Type IIA myofibers are _________staining for oxidative enzymes

A

intermediate

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18
Q

Type IIA myofibers utilize both _____ and _____ respiration for ATP production

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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19
Q

Type IIA contract more rapidly than what type of fibers

A

Type I

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20
Q

Type IIA are ____ to fatigue

A

resistant to fatigue

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21
Q

Type IIB are _____ staining for oxidative enzymes

A

Light staining

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22
Q

Type IIB utilize primarily _____ for ATP production

A

Anaerobic respiration

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23
Q

Type IIB contract ________ than type I or Type IIA

A

more rapidly

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24
Q

Type IIB fatigue ______?

A

quickly

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25
Q

Type IIB are referred to as ___ or ___ fibers

A

white or light

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26
Q

Smooth muscle cells are _____ nucleation

A

mononucleated

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27
Q

Do smooth muscle cells have sarcomeric arrangement

A

No

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28
Q

Smooth muscles are innervated via

A

The ANS

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29
Q

Do smooth muscle cells respond “all or none”

A

No

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30
Q

Smooth muscle cells are connected via?

A

Gap junctions

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31
Q

Cardiac muscles cells show what kind of nucleation

A

mononucleated

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32
Q

What is the position of the nuclei in cardiac muscle cells

A

centrally positioned

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33
Q

In cardiac muscle cells often what

A

Branch

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34
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have a _____ arrangment

A

Sarcomeric

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35
Q

Cardiac Muscle cells communicate via

A

Gap junction: intercalated discs

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36
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells directly innervated

A

No

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37
Q

Muscle is composed of many?

A

Fasicles

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38
Q

A fascicle is a bundle of

A

Myofibers

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39
Q

A myofiber is a bundle of

A

myofibrils

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40
Q

A myofibril is a

A

linear array of sarcomeres

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41
Q

Sarcomeres are made up of what two kinds of filaments

A

Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

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42
Q

Muscle is covered by a CT sheet called the what

A

epimysium

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43
Q

A fascicle is surrounded by a CT sheet called the what

A

perimysium

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44
Q

The perimysium consists of what

A

fibroblasts and Type I collagen fibers

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45
Q

A myofiber is a muscle cell and is surrounded by a

A

cell membrane

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46
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle cell is called the

A

sarcolemma

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47
Q

what covers the muscle fiber, including the sarcolemma

A

endomysium

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48
Q

The endomysium consists of what

A

basal lamina and reticular collagen fibers

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49
Q

The basal lamina is secreted by

A

muscle cells

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50
Q

What is the function of the basal lamina

A

anchors muscle fibers to each otherhelps to distribute the force of contraction

51
Q

Sarcomeres are separated from each other by what

A

z disks

52
Q

The sarcomere shortens during a contraction as evidenced by what

A

the z disks becoming closer together

53
Q

Myosin is a ____ protein with long tails and ___ heads at one end

A

dimeric, two

54
Q

Each of the myosin heads has what three characteristics

A

Actin binding region, ATP-binding region, Light-chain binding region

55
Q

What are the two kinds of light chains

A

essential and regulatory

56
Q

The light chains are similar to ____ but have lost the ability to bind what

A

calmodulin, calcium

57
Q

Function of essential light chains

A

thought to control binding of myosin heads

58
Q

Function of regulatory light chains

A

maintain the stability of Myosin II, sites for phosphate binding

59
Q

what is the name of a polymer of G actin

A

F actin

60
Q

F actin’s plus end inserts on the

A

Z-disk

61
Q

F-actin’s minus end faces the

A

H band

62
Q

Each f actin filament consists of

A

two polymers wound in an alpha-helix configuration

63
Q

name two actin associated molecules in skeletal muscle

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

64
Q

Tropomyosin sits where

A

in the groove between two actin strands of an actin filament

65
Q

Each tropomyosin spans how many actin monomers

A

7

66
Q

Troponin is a complex of what three moelcules

A

Troponin I, Troponin C, Troponin T

67
Q

What is the function of Troponin I

A

Inhibits binding between actin and myosin

68
Q

What is the function of Troponin C

A

Binds calcium ions

69
Q

What is the function of Troponin T

A

Binds to tropomyosin

70
Q

____ is the a muscle cells equivalent to endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

71
Q

Enlargements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are located next to what

A

T-Tubules

72
Q

Enlargements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are refferred to as what

A

Cisternae

73
Q

Cisternae sequester what

A

Calcium ions

74
Q

T-Tubules are what

A

extensions of the sarcolemma that extend down into the sarcoplasm

75
Q

Where are T-Tubules of skeletal muscle located

A

Where the A and I bands meet

76
Q

T-Tubules provide _______ for myofiber contraction by transferring the AP of the sarcolemma into _____ release from the cisternae

A

electromechanical coupling, calcium

77
Q

Each _____ molecule extends from the z-band along the length of one thin actin filament

A

Nebulin

78
Q

_____ acts like a template for the regulation of thin filaments length

A

Nebulin

79
Q

Each titin molecule extends from

A

Z-disk to M-line

80
Q

During relaxation titin generates ______ through ____ when the sarcomere is stretched

A

Passive tension, elastic extension

81
Q

A segment of _____ is closely associated with myosin and maintains the central position of the thick filaments in the sarcomere

A

Titin

82
Q

Alpha beta- crystallin is what

A

heat-shock protein that protects desmin from mechanical stress

83
Q

What is dystrophin

A

one of the proteins that links the alpha-actinin/desmin complex to cytoplasmic side of sarcolemma Anchors actin to the sarcolemmaReinforces sarcolemma during muscle contraction

84
Q

What links dystrophin (intracellular) to laminin-2 (extracellular)

A

Dystroglycan complex

85
Q

What attaches thin filaments to the z-line

A

alpha actinin

86
Q

What are the two main function of titin

A

Provides myosin with elasticitycenters thick filaments in the sarcomere

87
Q

What extends form z-disk to middle of H-band and connects ends of thick filaments to Z-line

A

Titin

88
Q

Titin has a molecular weight of about

A

3 million

89
Q

What binds desmin filaments

A

Plectin

90
Q

What is the framework of desmin filaments which surrounds the Z line and extends into each sarcomere

A

Desmin intermediate filaments

91
Q

What links myofibrils laterally and to the sarcolemma

A

Desmin intermediate filaments

92
Q

What extends form z disc to end of actin filaments

A

nebulin

93
Q

What serves as the template to regulate length of actin filaments

A

Nebulin

94
Q

What links actin filaments to transmemebrane proteins of muscle cell plasma membranes

A

Dystrophin

95
Q

Dystrophin is a ______

A

Calponin

96
Q

Dystrophin, a calponin, links actin filaments ot transmembrane proteins of muscle cell plasma membranes, which then link to the ECM, for what purpose

A

help maintain cell stability during muscle contraction

97
Q

Muscular dystrophy, is inherited how

A

X-linked

98
Q

Muscular dystrophy results in what

A

progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle

99
Q

Dystrophin is absent in patients with what

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

100
Q

Dystrophin is abnormal in patients with what

A

Becker’s muscular dystrophy

101
Q

An intermediate filament extending from one myofibril to the other and anchored to the sarcolemma, encircles the Z disk of each sarcomere

A

Desmin

102
Q

Desmin inserts into specialized sarcolemma attachment regions known as what

A

costameres

103
Q

Desmin facilitates the what

A

coordinated contraction of individual myofibrils by holding adjacent myofibrils together and linking them to the sarcolemma

104
Q

What links adjacent design filaments to each other

A

Plectin

105
Q

what is a heat shock protein associated with design, that protects this intermediate filament form street-induced damage

A

alpha beta- Crystallin

106
Q

Mutations of ____, ___, and _____, cause fragility of the myofibrils and their destruction after continuous stress

A

Desmin, plectin, alpha beta- crystallin

107
Q

Mutation in _____ causes congenital muscle dystrophy

A

Laminin 2

108
Q

what links dystrophin to laminin-2

A

Dystroglycan complex

109
Q

Satellite cells attache to _____ before ____ is laid down

A

Myotubes, basal lamina

110
Q

Satellite cells function as

A

Stem cells

111
Q

Are Satellite Cells generally quiescent

A

Yes

112
Q

Satellite cells can become ______ in times of stress

A

mitotic

113
Q

Satellite cells give rise to

A

myogenic precursor cells

114
Q

What is the function of myogenic precursor cells

A

replace damaged muscle by proliferating, fusing, and differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers.

115
Q

Satellite Cells have a ____ receptor that when acted on by ___ makes them proliferate

A

C-Met Recepotr, HGF

116
Q

What are the components of the neuromuscular spindle

A 
Extrafusal fibers
Intrafusal fibers
Alphamotor neurons
Gamma motor neurons 
Primary and secondary afferent fibers
117
Q

What are the two kinds of intrafusal fibers

A

Nuclear bag fibers and Nuclear chain fibers

118
Q

The Nuclear bag region is the ____ region

A

Sensory region

119
Q

The alpha motor neurons extend to the ____ fibers

A

extrafusal fibers

120
Q

The gamma motor fibers extend to the

A

intrafusal fibers.

121
Q

The intrafusal fibers are _____ than the extrafusal muscle fibers

A

thinner

122
Q

Contraction of ____ muscle fibers, arranged in parallel to the spindle, reduces tension on the muscle spindle, which slacks

A

extrafusal

123
Q

Activation of gamma motor neurons of the spindle does what

A

contracts the poles of the spindle thereby pulling the sensory region supplied by sensory nerve fibers.

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

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