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Histology Exam 2 Material > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major classes of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, fibrocartilage

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2
Q

The skeletal system in all vertebrates begins with ______

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

What makes up the ECM of cartilage

A 
Collagen fibers (mostly type II collagen (Type I in fibrocartilage)
amorphous ground substance
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4
Q

what cells make up cartilage

A

Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

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5
Q

Cartilage functions

A

Compressible, resists distortion, absorbs shock in joints, reduces friction in movable joints, necessary for endochondral bone growth, Involved in bone fracture repair

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6
Q

Function of chondroblasts

A

Lay down cartilage matrix and become chondrocytes

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7
Q

Function of Chondrocytes

A

Maintain cartilage matrix
produce collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix
secrete chondronectin

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8
Q

what are lacunae

A

Pockets within the matrix where the chondroblasts and chondrocytes are found

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9
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal

A

It is Avascular
Nutrients and oxygen are derived form blood vessels that surround the cartilage and must diffuse through the matrix to the cells

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10
Q

What type of collagen is found in the ECM of fibrocartilage

A

Type I

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11
Q

What type of collagen is found in the ECM of hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

Type II

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12
Q

Where is the Perichondrium found

A

on the outer surface of cartilage

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13
Q

How many layers does the perichondrium have

A

2

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the perichondrium

A

The outer fibrous layer
+ - contains fibroblasts
The inner chondrogenic layer
- Gives rise to chondroblasts, which become chondrocytes
- The chondrocyte is involved in the production of the collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix. Chondrocytes also secrete chondronectin

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15
Q

what is an isogenous group

A

Groups of 2-8 chondrocytes occupying the same lacunae
result of mitotic division
cells will become separated as they begin to lay down matrix of their own

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16
Q

Components of the cartilage ECM

A

Collagen (type II in most cartilage and Type I in fibrocartilage)
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)
Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate
Glycosaminoglycans

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17
Q

what is territorial matrix

A

Matrix that directly surrounds each chondrocyte

high glycosaminoglycan content, low collagen content

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18
Q

What is inter-territorial matix

A

Surrounds territorial matrix

low glycosaminoglycan content: high collagen content

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19
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

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20
Q

What type of Collagen makes up hyaline cartilage

A

Type II

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21
Q

Is hyaline cartilage surrounded by a pericondrium

A

Yes

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22
Q

What color is hyaline cartilage

A

Translucent, bluish gray to white

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23
Q

Describe the texture of hyaline cartilage

A

solid but flexible

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24
Q

What are the growth patterns of hyaline cartilage

A

appositional

Interstitial growth

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25
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located

A 
External auditory meatus
Larynx
Tracheal Cartilages
Bronchial Cartilages 
Fetal long bones 
Articular ends of bones
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26
Q

What does elastic cartilage have added to its matrix that hyaline cartilage doesn’t

A

Elastic fibers

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27
Q

Is elastic cartilage surrounded by a perichondrium

A

Yes

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28
Q

what is the color of elastic cartilage

A

Yellow

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29
Q

Why is elastic cartilage yellow in appearance

A

because of the presence of elastic fibers

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30
Q

Describe the appearance of elastic cartilage

A

More opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage

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31
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in elastic cartilage

A

Located singly

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32
Q

What type of collagen is in the matrix of elastic cartilage

A

Type II with the addition of elastic fibers

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33
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

Auricle (pinna) of the ear

Epiglottis

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34
Q

how are chondrocytes arranged in hyaline cartilage

A

often found in cell groups (resulting form cell division)

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35
Q

what has more collagen in the matrix fibrocartilage or hyaline

A

Fibrocartilage

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36
Q

Which type of cartilage has a lower cellularity hyaline or fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

37
Q

Is Fibrocartilage surrounded by a perichondrium

A

No

38
Q

what is the appearance of fibrocartilage

A

opaque from fibrous texture

39
Q

What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage

A

Type I

40
Q

Explain the chondrocyte appearance/location in fibrocartilage

A

single sparse chondrocytes

41
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, insertion f some tendons and ligaments, closely associated with dense CT or hyaline cartilage

42
Q

is bone vascular

A

Yes! it is highly vascular and found in close proximity to capillaries

43
Q

How does bone length increase

A

Through the appositional growth of hyaline cartilage model

44
Q

Bone is formed from what kind of cells

A

Osteoblasts

45
Q

Bone matrix consists of what two major components

A

Organic component referred to as osteoid

inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatite which makes up 35-65 percent of the matrix

46
Q

What is the organic component of the bone matrix

A

Osteoid

47
Q

What is the inorganic component of the bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite which makes up 35 to 65 percent of the matrix

48
Q

Bone tissue is continuously _____, _______, and ______

A

Resorbed , reconstructed, and remodeled

49
Q

How much of the matrix is made from hydroxyapatite

A

35-65 percent

50
Q

What are the three types of bone arrangement

A

Woven bone, Compact bone, and spongy bone

51
Q

What is another name for compact bone

A

lamellar bone

52
Q

What is another name for spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone

53
Q

When does woven bone occur

A

occurs during development and bone repair

54
Q

compact bones lack _____ and form a ______ on the outside of long bones or flat bones

A

cavities, dense plates

55
Q

Compact bone consists of _______ lamellae which encircle a central blood vessel (and associated nerves) forming an osteon, or haversian system

A

Concentric (Haversian)

56
Q

where are osteocytes found in compact bone

A

They are found between the lamellae, located in lacunae

57
Q

How are osteocytes connected to one another and the haversian canal in compact bones

A

via canaliculi

58
Q

_____ _____ run perpendicular to the Haversian canals and connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the surface of the bone

A

Volkmann’s canals

59
Q

what kind of bone has a 3-D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bones and flat bones

A

Trabecular (Spongy) bone

60
Q

Describe the characteristics of bone’s macroscopic structure

A

Periosteum, Marrow (medullary) cavity, Endosteum, Sharpey’s fibers

61
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers

A

These are special bundles of collagen fibers that nail tendons and ligaments to the bone

62
Q

What are Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells which in the adult are described as bone lining cells
- give rise to osteoblasts and bone lining cells

63
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

A

in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and lining vascular canals of compact bone

64
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells derived from

A

Mesenchyme of the embryonic somite (sclerotome) and possess mitotic potential

65
Q

What are osteocytes derived from

A

osteoblasts and are trapped by the matrix they secrete

66
Q

What are osteoblasts derived from

A

osteoprogenitor cells

67
Q

what are osteoblasts characterized by

A

Alkaline phosphatase and Vitamin D3

68
Q

What are the major protein products of Osteoblasts

A 
Type I collagen
Noncollagenous proteins:  
       - Osteocalcin
       - Osteonectin
       - Osteopontin 
       - Osteoprotegerin
       - RANKL
69
Q

What is the primary regulator of bone turnover

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

70
Q

What is stimulated at low PTH levels

A

bone formation by osteoblasts

71
Q

What is stimulated at high PTH levels

A

Osteoblasts are stimulated to release osteoclast-differentiation factors

72
Q

What is a result of elevated PTH levels

A

eroded bone and fibrosis of the resulting spaces (osteitis fibrosa) (bone is removed and replaced with cartilage)

73
Q

What are Osteoclasts derived from

A

monocytes, which are derived from monocyte precursors in the bone marrow

74
Q

What is ARF

A

Activation-resorption-reversal-formation

cycle occurs at adult remodeling sites and during development

75
Q

Where and when does ARF occur

A

at adult remodeling sites and during development

76
Q

where does PTH bind

A

Receptors on the osteoblast

77
Q

PTH stimulates osteoblasts to synthesize ___ and ___

A

M-CSF and RANKL

78
Q

M-CSF is released by who

A

The osteoblast

79
Q

Where does M-CSF bind

A

to the M-CSF receptor on the monocyte

80
Q

After binding of M-CSF to the M-CSF receptor on the monocyte it is now a ______ and expresses ____

A

Macrophage, RANK

81
Q

when does the macrophage become multinucleated and immature osteoclast

A

after RANK binds to RANKL

82
Q

Who secretes osteoprotegerin

A

Osteoblasts

83
Q

What is the function of osteoprotegerin

A

binds to RANKL with greater affinity than RANK

inhibits maturation of osteoclasts

84
Q

Parathyroid blocks the synthesis of what

A

Osteoprotegerin

85
Q

A non-functional osteoclast uncouples form the osteoblast and becomes a ______ _______

A

a functional osteoclast

86
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin

A

Acts to reduce bone resorption

87
Q

___ is secreted by exocytosis from the osteoclast and degrades the bone organic matrix

A

Cathepsin K

88
Q

What forms the sealing zone of an osteoclast

A

Osteopontin, actin filaments, and Integrins

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

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