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NMSK > The eye > Flashcards

The eye Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the table

A
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2
Q

What condition is this

A

Exophthalmos

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3
Q

What condition is this

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Enophthalmos

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4
Q

What condition is this

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Hydrophthalmos

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5
Q

What condition is this

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Microphthalmos

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6
Q

Label the eye

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7
Q

Label the eye

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8
Q

Label the eye

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9
Q

Label the eye

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10
Q

Label the eye

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11
Q

Describe differences between herbivore & carnivore eye

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12
Q

Name the muscles of the eye

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13
Q

Label muscles 1-7

A
  1. Dorsal Oblique
  2. Lateral rectus
  3. Ventral oblique
  4. Ventral rectus
  5. Medial rectus
  6. Dorsal rectus
  7. Retractor bulbi
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14
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve
Internal ophthalmic artery
Trochlear nerve

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15
Q

What passes through the orbital fissure

A

Abducens nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Ophthalmic nerve

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16
Q

Describe blood supply to the eye

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Ophthalmic artery which comes from the internal carotid artery

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17
Q

Describe venous drainage of the eye

A

Through vortex veins and orbital venous plexus
Or
Ophthalmic vein
All eventually drain into external jugular vein

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18
Q

Fill in the table about globe position

A
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19
Q

Define aniscoria

A

Unequal pupil sizes

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20
Q

Define miosis

A

Constricted pupils

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21
Q

Define mydriasis

A

Dilated pupils

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22
Q

Define strabismus

A

Eyes point in different directions

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23
Q

Define nystagmus

A

Repetitive & involuntary movement of eye

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24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyelid

A
  1. eyelid skin
  2. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
  3. Palpebral conjuctiva
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25
What muscles open the eye
Levator palpebrae superioris Muller muscle
26
What muscle closes the eye
Orbicularis oculi
27
What are Meibomian glands
Modified sebaceous glands 20-40 per eye Produce meibum (lipid part of tear film)
28
What are the functions of the eyelid
Protect eye from trauma Blink to distribute & drain tear film & physical removal of debris Contribute to tear film
29
What are the functions of the third eyelid
Protect ocular surface Distribute tear film & remove debris Aqueous production of tear film Contain IgA secreting plasma cells for ocular defence
30
Label the conjunctiva
31
Describe the relationship between bulbar conjunctiva & sclera
Finer branching conjunctival vessels overlie larger, straighter episcleral vessels
32
What is entropion
Inversion of all or parts of eyelid margin (common in Bulldogs)
33
What is ectropion
Outward turning of eyelid
34
What is macropalpebral fissure
Big eyelid opening - can barely blink
35
Label the conditions of the cilia
36
What is a prolapsed nictitans gland
Common, also known as cherry eye Breed related Requires surgery
37
What is scrolled cartilage
Abnormal growth (cartilage too big for third eyelid Usually requires surgery
38
What is conjunctivitis
Swelling of conjunctive & discharge seen
39
What are the 3 layers of the eye
Fibrous (outer) layer - sclera & cornea Vascular (middle) layer - uveal tract Neuroectodermal (inner) layer - retina & optic nerve
40
What are the components of tear film
Lipid, aqueous, mucin & epithelium
41
Describe the origin of tear film
Lipid layer - meibomian glands Aqueous layer - orbital layer (70%) & nictitands glands (30%) Mucin layer - Conjunctival goblet cells
42
Label the layers of the cornea
43
What are the functions of the cornea
Refract & transmit light Tensile strength Protection
44
What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Inadequate tear production Schirmer tear test <15mm/min Common in Cocker Spaniels & toy breeds
45
What are corneal ulcers
Break in continuity of corneal epithelium with exposure of underlying stroma Fluorescein staining used for diagnosis (Descemets membrane doesn't take up stain) Can be superficial, deep or descemetocoele
46
What are some causes of corneal ulcers
Trauma, eyelid abnormalities, eyelash lesions, infections, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
47
Describe corneal wound healing
Self renewing 1. Proliferation of basal epithelial cells at limbus 2. movement of peripheral cells towards cornea centre 3. epithelial cells lost from corneal surface into tear film
48
Describe corneal opacities
49
Label the eye
50
What is the function of the iris
controls amount of light entering eye Forms part of blood ocular barrier
51
What are the functions of the ciliary body
Production & drainage of aqueous humour - maintains intraocular pressure, provides nutrition to lens & fills anterior chamber Anchors lens zonules & provides accommodation (focusing) Contributes blood ocular barrier Provides blood & nerve supply to anterior segment
52
What is the function of the choroid
Blood supply of retina Part of blood ocular barrier
53
What is uveitis
Inflammation of uvea Early diagnosis essential to prevent blindness Clinical signs include: pain, red eye, low intraocular pressure, inflammation in anterior chamber Causes: trauma, infection, immune-mediated, metabolic, neoplasia
54
What is blepharospasm
squinting
55
What is epiphora
Excess tears
56
What is glaucoma
Raised intraocular pressure due to reduces drainage of aqueous humour Diagnosed by raised intraocular pressures Normal values: 10-25mmHG in dogs/cat, 15-20mmHG in rabbit Measured using Schiotz tonometry, Tonovet or Tonopen Acute clinical signs: pain, corneal oedema, vision loss, fixed dilated pupil Chronic clinical signs: globe enlargement, corneal changes, lens luxation, cataracts, blindness
57
Describe lens fibres
Thick centres & tapered ends Fibres cant meet in single point as there isnt enough space so meet in Y shaped pattern
58
Describe lens composition
35% protein - crystallins (soluble) & albuminoids (insoluble) 65% water
59
Describe lens function
Refractive power of eye Accommodation Blocking UV light from retina (prevents damage)
60
Describe vitreous humour anatomy
Gel between retina & lens Largest ocular structure Transparent so light can get through Avascular 99% water, 1% protein/cells
61
Describe vitreous humour function
Shock absorption Remove waste products Maintain intraocular anatomy
62
What is nuclear sclerosis
Secondary lens fibres continue to form throughout life Finite space within eye so progressive compression of nucleus Older fibres are denser and less transparent so nucleus becomes sclerotic (hardened) Normal ageing process Appears as greyish-blue haze
63
What is lens subluxation
Weakening of zonules cresent around lens Full lens luxations can be posterior or anterior
64
Label the layers of the posterior segment of the eye
65
What is retinal pigment epithelium
Outermost layer of retina Single layer of cells Has photoreceptors embedded within it (rods & cones)
66
What are the functions of retinal pigment epithelium
Recycle used photopigments Store vitamin A Form part of blood-retinal barrier
67
What are cones & rods
Cones = color vision Rods = night vision
68
What is the function of the retina
Absorbs light rays & converts light energy into electrical energy which travels as nerve impulse up optic nerve to visual cortex
69
Label the diagram
70
What are the 3 regions of the optic nerve
Intraocular Retrobulbar (orbit) Intracranial (brain)
71
Describe blood supply to the retina
Dual blood supply due to high metabolic rate Inner retina: retinal blood vessels Outer retina: choroidal blood vessels
72
What is the tapetum
Part of choroid, lies behind retina shiny reflective layer reflects light rays so retina receives light twice
73
What is the fundus
Portion of posterior segment of eye that is viewed with ophthalmoscope
74
Label the eye
75
Label the eye
76
How does the fundus form
Sclera --> Choroid & tapetum --> RPE --> neural retina --> final
77
What animal does this fundus belong to
Cat
78
What animal does this fundus belong to
Dog
79
What animal does this fundus belong to
Ox, sheep or goat
80
What animal does this fundus belong to
Horse

NMSK (49 decks)

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