The Endocrine System

Question 1

What biological structure produces GnRH?

Answer 1

The hypothalamus

Question 2

What biological structure produces FSH and LH and is referred to as the ‘master gland’?

Answer 2

the pituitary

Question 3

FSH leads to what hormone release within the ovary?

Answer 3

Estrogen

Question 4

LH leads to what hormone release within the ovary?

Answer 4

Progesterone

Question 5

How does estrogen function in the negative feedback loop of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 5

Estrogen signals the hypothalamus to stop producing GnRH

Question 6

If fertilization occurs, progesterone stops?

Answer 6

the corpus luteum from atrophying

Question 7

HCG (human gonadotropin releasing hormones) is released if fertilization occurs but stops when?

Answer 7

After the first trimester of pregnancy

Question 8

FSH in the ovary leads to what?

Answer 8

Follicle maturation

Question 9

When there is no pregnancy, the corpus luteum?

Answer 9

atrophies and progesterone levels drop, and menstruation occurs

Question 10

FSH triggers what in the testes?

Answer 10

spermatogenesis

Question 11

LH triggers what in the testes?

Answer 11

testosterone production

Question 12

Paracrine signalling is?

Answer 12

Cell to cell communication between nearby cells

*example: All nerve cells use paracrine signalling to synapse

Question 13

Juxtacrine signalling is?

Answer 13

Cell to cell communication between cells in close contact or DIRECTLY adjacent

Question 14

Autocrine signalling is?

Answer 14

Cell to cell communication where signal is released and accepted by the same cell

Question 15

Peptide hormones are an example of _________ hormones that won’t cross the lipid bilayer so they have surface receptors.

Answer 15

Hydrophilic

Question 16

Steroid hormones are an example of ________ hormones that can reside within the lipid bilayer.

Answer 16

Hydrophobic

Question 17

Peptide hormones are made of?

Answer 17

Amino acids derived from a larger polypeptide

Question 18

Peptide hormones are?

Answer 18

Fast and short acting

Question 19

How do peptide hormones stimulate a response within the cell due to their hydrophilic qualities?

Answer 19

They bind with an extracellular receptor and once bound stimulate a cascade-creating a pathway that then binds to a protein already located in the cell.

*Means it will be an on/off mech like Oxytocin

Question 20

What are the major peptide hormones?

Answer 20

Insulin, Oxytocin, Prolactin, Vasopressin, somatosatin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucagon

Question 21

Steroid hormones are?

Answer 21

Slow onset, long lasting

Question 22

Hydrophobic steroid hormones are can pass through _________ and _____________, then?

Answer 22

They can pass through both plasma and nuclear membranes and then bind to DNA (can permanently alter DNA)

*hint: Think of puberty

Question 23

Steroid hormones are made from?

Answer 23

Cholesterol

Question 24

Steroid hormones, while being able to pass through both plasma and nuclear membranes, cannot?

Answer 24

travel through the blood without the help of a carrier protein

Question 25

Name an example of steroid carrier proteins

Answer 25

Sex hormones will use globulins or albumin

Question 26

What is the Mneumonic to remember the steroid hormones?

Answer 26

Suffix of one, ol, oid except for estrogen because its a pain

Question 27

What are 4 examples of Amino Acid Derivative hormones?

Answer 27

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, thryoxine, triodothyronine

Question 28

Depending on structure, Amino Acid Deriv. Hormones can act like?

Answer 28

Either steroid or protein

Question 29

Peptide hormones travel?

Answer 29

Dissolved in plasma

Question 30

The precursor to steroid hormones is?

Answer 30

Cholesterol