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MCAT Study > Biology/BioChem > Flashcards

Biology/BioChem Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

The cell body of a nucleus is also called?

A

the stoma

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2
Q

Dendrites do what?

A

receive signals

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3
Q

Axons do what?

A

send signals away

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4
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

integrates signals->Important in action pot.

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5
Q

What does myelin do?

A

maintains electrical signals and increases speed of conduction

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6
Q

Schwann cells and oligodenrites do the same thing, what is it?

A

Produce myelin

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7
Q

What is the difference in schwann cells and oligodenrites?

A

Schwann cells produce myeline in the peripheral NS

Oligodendrites produce myelin in the central NS

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8
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

critical for rapid speed production

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9
Q

What are the differences in nerves between the Peripheral NS and Central NS?

A

Peripheral NS-Multiple neurons bundle to form nerve, and there are 3 different types of nerves
Central NS:-Axons bundled together are called tracts that only transmit one type of information

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells/neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Oligodendrites

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11
Q

Astrocytes are?

A

Glial cells that nourish neurons and form blood brain barrier

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12
Q

Ependymal Cells are?

A

Cells that line ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

*cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from impact

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13
Q

Microglia are?

A

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the Central nervous system

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14
Q

The first neuron in the Autonomic nervous system is referred to as the _________ and the 2nd as the _______.

A

1st=Preganglionic

2nd=Postganglionic

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15
Q

What is neurilation?

A

the continous folding of the neural tube to form the 3 major parts of the brain.
Forebrain, Mesencephalon, and Hind Brain

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16
Q

The forebrain is responsible for?

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes

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17
Q

The mesencephalon is responsible for?

A

sensory motor functions

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18
Q

The Rhomencephalon (or hindbrain) is responsible for?

A

Vital functions such as balance, motor coordination, digestion, general arousal processes, and digestion

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19
Q

What are the basal ganglia in the Telencephalon responsible for?

A

Smooth movements and dopamine production

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20
Q

The septal nuclei within the Limbic system are associated with what behavior?

A

addiction

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21
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The four f’s

Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, Fucking

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22
Q

What are the divisions of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral
Ventromedial
Anterior

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23
Q

The Lateral Hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The hunger center of the brain

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24
Q

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The satiety center of the brain

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25
Q

the anterior hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

the sexual behavior center

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26
Q

The thalamus is responsible for?

A

Relay station of the brain: Where signals are collected before being sent to cortex
Also aids in sleep regulation, consiousness and alertness

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27
Q

The amygdala in the telencephalon is responsible for?

A

aggression and defense

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28
Q

Name two major endocrine hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

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29
Q

The pons is responsible for?

A

regulation of sleep and relaying information

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30
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for?

A

posture, body movements

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31
Q

The medulla oblongata is responsible for?

A

Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

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32
Q

The mesencephalon is responsible for?

A

sensory motor functions

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33
Q

The superior colliculus is responsible for?

A

recieving visual input

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34
Q

The inferior colliculus is responsible for?

A

recieving other (besides visual) sensory input such as auditory input

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35
Q

The occipital lobe is responsible for?

A

the visual cortex of the brain

36
Q

The temporal lobeis responsible for?

A

the auditory cortex, memory processing and language

37
Q

the frontal lobe is responsible for?

A

Personality, executive function

->Associative area

38
Q

What are the neurotransmitters seen in the Central Nervous System?

A

Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, endorphins

39
Q

What are the neurotransmitters seen in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

40
Q

Na+/K+/ATPase function is to?

A

Pump Na+ and K+ back to where they came from in neuron

41
Q

What is threshold?

A

-55 to -40mV

42
Q

What is summation?

A

The additive effects of mutiple signals to create an AP

43
Q

What are the two types of summation?

How are they different?

A

Temporal summation: No action pot. can be generated

Spatial summation: additive effects are based on the number and the location of incoming signals

44
Q

During depolarization in an Action Potiential, what ion flows into the cell?

A

Na ions

45
Q

During repolarization in an Action Potiential, what ion flows out?

A

K+

46
Q

The refractory period is marked by?

A

Hyperpolarization of the cell caused by the K+ efflux

47
Q

The absolute refractory period is when?

A

no action potiental can be produced

48
Q

The relative refractory period is when?

A

an AP can be produced but it has to be greater than normal because the cell is more negative than normal due to hyperpolarization

49
Q

What is impulse propagation?

A

The path of the signal down an axon and the subsequent release of NT

50
Q

How does impulse propogation work?

A

The depolarization of a cell brings subsquent segments of axon to threshold and the Action potiental travels in a wavelike motion until the end of the axon

51
Q

How does the length of the axon effect how fast the signal sends?

A

The longer the length= More resistance and slower conduction

52
Q

How does the cross-section of the axon effect how fast the signal sends?

A

Larger the cross section= faster propogation of signal and resistance

*Important note-this effect is stronger than length

53
Q

What is a salatory conduction?

A

The signal “hops” from one node of ranvier to another because of the good insulation myelin provides

54
Q

Prior to release-where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

in membrane bound vessicles

55
Q

Which cell dividing system is classified by one round replication and two division?

A

Meiosis

56
Q

What occurs during prophase 1 of Meosis?

A

chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane dissapere

57
Q

What is the differences between Prophase 1 of Mitosis and Prophase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapse

58
Q

What is a tetrad (in concerning Meiosis 1)?

A

The combination of homologous chromosomes with each pair containing 4 chromatids

59
Q

What VERY IMPORTANT event occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

Crossing over

60
Q

What is crossing over?

A

After the synapse, homologous chromosomes may break at a point of contact called the chiasm and exhange DNA

61
Q

Crossing over only occurs between?

A

homologous chromosomes and NOT sister chromatids

*the crossing over of sister chromatids wouldn’t result in any DNA exchange

62
Q

What occurs during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?

A

Homologous pairs (tetrad) align at metaphase plate, with each pair attached to seperate spindle fiber

63
Q

What is a main difference between Metaphase of Mitosis and Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?

A

In Mitosis, each chromosome is lined of metaphase plate by TWO spindle fibers.

While is Meiosis 1, chromosomes are lined by only 1 spindle fiber

64
Q

What occurs anaphase 1 during of Meosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes are seperated and are pulled to opposite parts of the cell

Important vocab for this: Disjunction and segregation

65
Q

What is disjunction in anaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?

A

Each chromosome of paternal origin are seperated from homologue of maternal origin and either may end up in daughter cell.

66
Q

What occurs in Telophase 1 of Meosis?

A

Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

67
Q

Meiosis 2 is very similar to mitosis EXCEPT:

A

sister chromatids (rather then homologous chromatids) are seperated

68
Q

What occurs during Prophase 2 of Meosis?

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoi dissapears, centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell

69
Q

What occurs during Metaphase 2 of Meosis?

A

Chromosomes line up of Metaphase plate

70
Q

What occurs during Anaphase 2 of Meosis?

A

Centromeres divide, seperating chromosomes into sister chromatids which are then pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

71
Q

What occurs during Telophase 2 of Meosis?

A

Nuclear membrane forms around new nucleus, cytokinesis follows, 2 daughter cells are formed.

72
Q

At the end of Telophase 2 of Meiosis, what is the result?

A

up to 4 haploid daughter cells are formed per gametocyte

73
Q

What are the long terms effects that high blood sugar can cause?

A

Long term damage to the retina, kidney, blood vessels, and nerves

74
Q

Where is the GLUT 2 transporters located?

A

in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells

75
Q

GLUT 2 captures blood from?

A

the hepatic portal vein coming from intestines

76
Q

GLUT 2 captures primarily for?

A

storage

77
Q

what is the Km of GLUT 2?

A

~15mM

78
Q

GLUT 2 serves as a sensor for insulin release along with what?

A

the beta islet cells of pancreas, GLUT2, along with pancreatic enzyme glucokinase

79
Q

Where are GLUT 4 transporters located?

A

in adipose tissue and muscle

80
Q

GLUT 4 responds to?

A

Glucose concentration in peripheral blood

81
Q

When blood concentration drops below the Km for GLUT 2 what occurs?

A

the remainder of blood passes liver and enters the peripheral circulation

82
Q

The rate of transport of GLUT 4 is influenced by?

A

It is increased by insulin, by stimulating movement of GLUT 4 transporters to the membrane via exocytosis

83
Q

What is the Km of GLUT 4?

A

~5mM

*transporter is saturated at just a bit higher than normal

84
Q

How is glucose intake increased when all GLUT 4 transporters are saturated?

A

The cells increase the number of GLUT 4 receptors on the surface

85
Q

Diabetes Mellutus is caused by?

A

Disruption of the insulin/Glut 4 mech.

86
Q

What is the job of a kinase enzyme?

A

to attach a phosphate group from ATP from substrate.

MCAT Study (16 decks)

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