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Biology/BioChem Flashcards

1
Q

The cell body of a nucleus is also called?

A

the stoma

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2
Q

Dendrites do what?

A

receive signals

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3
Q

Axons do what?

A

send signals away

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4
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

integrates signals->Important in action pot.

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5
Q

What does myelin do?

A

maintains electrical signals and increases speed of conduction

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6
Q

Schwann cells and oligodenrites do the same thing, what is it?

A

Produce myelin

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7
Q

What is the difference in schwann cells and oligodenrites?

A

Schwann cells produce myeline in the peripheral NS

Oligodendrites produce myelin in the central NS

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8
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

critical for rapid speed production

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9
Q

What are the differences in nerves between the Peripheral NS and Central NS?

A

Peripheral NS-Multiple neurons bundle to form nerve, and there are 3 different types of nerves
Central NS:-Axons bundled together are called tracts that only transmit one type of information

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells/neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Oligodendrites

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11
Q

Astrocytes are?

A

Glial cells that nourish neurons and form blood brain barrier

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12
Q

Ependymal Cells are?

A

Cells that line ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

*cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from impact

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13
Q

Microglia are?

A

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the Central nervous system

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14
Q

The first neuron in the Autonomic nervous system is referred to as the _________ and the 2nd as the _______.

A

1st=Preganglionic

2nd=Postganglionic

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15
Q

What is neurilation?

A

the continous folding of the neural tube to form the 3 major parts of the brain.
Forebrain, Mesencephalon, and Hind Brain

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16
Q

The forebrain is responsible for?

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes

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17
Q

The mesencephalon is responsible for?

A

sensory motor functions

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18
Q

The Rhomencephalon (or hindbrain) is responsible for?

A

Vital functions such as balance, motor coordination, digestion, general arousal processes, and digestion

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19
Q

What are the basal ganglia in the Telencephalon responsible for?

A

Smooth movements and dopamine production

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20
Q

The septal nuclei within the Limbic system are associated with what behavior?

A

addiction

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21
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The four f’s

Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, Fucking

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22
Q

What are the divisions of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral
Ventromedial
Anterior

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23
Q

The Lateral Hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The hunger center of the brain

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24
Q

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

The satiety center of the brain

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25
the anterior hypothalamus is responsible for?
the sexual behavior center
26
The thalamus is responsible for?
Relay station of the brain: Where signals are collected before being sent to cortex Also aids in sleep regulation, consiousness and alertness
27
The amygdala in the telencephalon is responsible for?
aggression and defense
28
Name two major endocrine hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
29
The pons is responsible for?
regulation of sleep and relaying information
30
The cerebellum is responsible for?
posture, body movements
31
The medulla oblongata is responsible for?
Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
32
The mesencephalon is responsible for?
sensory motor functions
33
The superior colliculus is responsible for?
recieving visual input
34
The inferior colliculus is responsible for?
recieving other (besides visual) sensory input such as auditory input
35
The occipital lobe is responsible for?
the visual cortex of the brain
36
The temporal lobeis responsible for?
the auditory cortex, memory processing and language
37
the frontal lobe is responsible for?
Personality, executive function ->Associative area
38
What are the neurotransmitters seen in the Central Nervous System?
Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, endorphins
39
What are the neurotransmitters seen in the peripheral nervous system?
Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
40
Na+/K+/ATPase function is to?
Pump Na+ and K+ back to where they came from in neuron
41
What is threshold?
-55 to -40mV
42
What is summation?
The additive effects of mutiple signals to create an AP
43
What are the two types of summation? | How are they different?
Temporal summation: No action pot. can be generated | Spatial summation: additive effects are based on the number and the location of incoming signals
44
During depolarization in an Action Potiential, what ion flows into the cell?
Na ions
45
During repolarization in an Action Potiential, what ion flows out?
K+
46
The refractory period is marked by?
Hyperpolarization of the cell caused by the K+ efflux
47
The absolute refractory period is when?
no action potiental can be produced
48
The relative refractory period is when?
an AP can be produced but it has to be greater than normal because the cell is more negative than normal due to hyperpolarization
49
What is impulse propagation?
The path of the signal down an axon and the subsequent release of NT
50
How does impulse propogation work?
The depolarization of a cell brings subsquent segments of axon to threshold and the Action potiental travels in a wavelike motion until the end of the axon
51
How does the length of the axon effect how fast the signal sends?
The longer the length= More resistance and slower conduction
52
How does the cross-section of the axon effect how fast the signal sends?
Larger the cross section= faster propogation of signal and resistance *Important note-this effect is stronger than length
53
What is a salatory conduction?
The signal "hops" from one node of ranvier to another because of the good insulation myelin provides
54
Prior to release-where are neurotransmitters stored?
in membrane bound vessicles
55
Which cell dividing system is classified by one round replication and two division?
Meiosis
56
What occurs during prophase 1 of Meosis?
chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane dissapere
57
What is the differences between Prophase 1 of Mitosis and Prophase 1 of Meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapse
58
What is a tetrad (in concerning Meiosis 1)?
The combination of homologous chromosomes with each pair containing 4 chromatids
59
What VERY IMPORTANT event occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis 1?
Crossing over
60
What is crossing over?
After the synapse, homologous chromosomes may break at a point of contact called the chiasm and exhange DNA
61
Crossing over only occurs between?
homologous chromosomes and NOT sister chromatids *the crossing over of sister chromatids wouldn't result in any DNA exchange
62
What occurs during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?
Homologous pairs (tetrad) align at metaphase plate, with each pair attached to seperate spindle fiber
63
What is a main difference between Metaphase of Mitosis and Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?
In Mitosis, each chromosome is lined of metaphase plate by TWO spindle fibers. While is Meiosis 1, chromosomes are lined by only 1 spindle fiber
64
What occurs anaphase 1 during of Meosis?
Homologous chromosomes are seperated and are pulled to opposite parts of the cell Important vocab for this: Disjunction and segregation
65
What is disjunction in anaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?
Each chromosome of paternal origin are seperated from homologue of maternal origin and either may end up in daughter cell.
66
What occurs in Telophase 1 of Meosis?
Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus
67
Meiosis 2 is very similar to mitosis EXCEPT:
sister chromatids (rather then homologous chromatids) are seperated
68
What occurs during Prophase 2 of Meosis?
Nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoi dissapears, centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
69
What occurs during Metaphase 2 of Meosis?
Chromosomes line up of Metaphase plate
70
What occurs during Anaphase 2 of Meosis?
Centromeres divide, seperating chromosomes into sister chromatids which are then pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers
71
What occurs during Telophase 2 of Meosis?
Nuclear membrane forms around new nucleus, cytokinesis follows, 2 daughter cells are formed.
72
At the end of Telophase 2 of Meiosis, what is the result?
up to 4 haploid daughter cells are formed per gametocyte
73
What are the long terms effects that high blood sugar can cause?
Long term damage to the retina, kidney, blood vessels, and nerves
74
Where is the GLUT 2 transporters located?
in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells
75
GLUT 2 captures blood from?
the hepatic portal vein coming from intestines
76
GLUT 2 captures primarily for?
storage
77
what is the Km of GLUT 2?
~15mM
78
GLUT 2 serves as a sensor for insulin release along with what?
the beta islet cells of pancreas, GLUT2, along with pancreatic enzyme glucokinase
79
Where are GLUT 4 transporters located?
in adipose tissue and muscle
80
GLUT 4 responds to?
Glucose concentration in peripheral blood
81
When blood concentration drops below the Km for GLUT 2 what occurs?
the remainder of blood passes liver and enters the peripheral circulation
82
The rate of transport of GLUT 4 is influenced by?
It is increased by insulin, by stimulating movement of GLUT 4 transporters to the membrane via exocytosis
83
What is the Km of GLUT 4?
~5mM *transporter is saturated at just a bit higher than normal
84
How is glucose intake increased when all GLUT 4 transporters are saturated?
The cells increase the number of GLUT 4 receptors on the surface
85
Diabetes Mellutus is caused by?
Disruption of the insulin/Glut 4 mech.
86
What is the job of a kinase enzyme?
to attach a phosphate group from ATP from substrate.

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