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Pschy/Soc Review Flashcards

1
Q

An unconditioned stimulus is?

A

any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

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2
Q

An unconditioned response is?

A

the innate/reflexive response that is brought on by an unconditioned stimula

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3
Q

A neutral stimuli is?

A

stimuli that do not bring on a reflexive response

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4
Q

A Conditioned stimulus is?

A

a previously neutral stimulus that through association now causes a reflexive response

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5
Q

A conditioned response is?

A

the response that is caused by a conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Exinction occurs when?

A

the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times and the organism becomes habituated to the C.S

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7
Q

Spontaneous recovery is when?

A

An extinct conditioned stimulus is presented and a weak conditioned response is observed

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8
Q

Generalization is?

A

when an organism is unable to differentiate between stimuli that are similar

*hint:white rat

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9
Q

Discrimination is?

A

When an organism learns to differentiate between similar stimuli

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10
Q

What is reinforcement and what are the two cateogories?

A

Reinforcement: Process that increases the likelyhood of behavior

Postive and negative

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Increase behavior by adding a positive consequence

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Increase behavior by removing something unpleasant

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13
Q

What is punishment?

A

uses conditioning to reduce the incidence of behavior

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14
Q

What is escape learning?

A

role of behavior to reduce something that already exsists

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15
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

to prevent something that has not yet happened

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16
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Adds unpleasant consequence in response to behavior

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17
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Reduction of behavior when stimulus is removed

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18
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

only reinforces behavior after specific number of performances of behavior

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19
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

reinforces after a varying number of performances of that behavior

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20
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

reinforces first instance of behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

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21
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

reinforce first instance of behavior after a varying interval of time

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22
Q

Semantic encoding is?

A

encoding by putting new information into meaningful context

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23
Q

What is maitence rehersal?

A

repetition of a piece of new information to keep it in working memory or to store information short term

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24
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

associating each item on a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

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25
What is peg-wording?
Associates a number with items that rhyme or resemble the number
26
What is chunking?
Grouping together large lists into groups with related meaning
27
Retrival is?
the name given to the process of demonstrating that something learned has been retained
28
the serial position effect is?
retrieval cue that appears when learning lists
29
Phonology is?
the actual sound of language
30
Morphology (concerning language) is?
the structure of words
31
Semantics are?
the associations of meanings to words
32
Syntax is?
how words are put together to form sentences *hint: When a computer has an error it is a syntax error because the coding doesn't have the right format
33
Pragmatics are?
the dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
34
The nativist theory of language is?
By chomsky-adovated for the existance of some innate compacity for lanuage
35
The learning (Behaviorist theory) of language is?
by Skinner; thought language aquisition occured by operant conditioning, specifically reinforcement
36
The social interactionist theory of language is?
focused on the interplay between biological and social processes
37
What is the biomedical approach to psychiatric disorders?
Treating the symptoms based on underlying neurological and genetic causes but not focusing on restoration of function
38
What is the biopsychosocial approach for treating psychiatric disorders?
It believes that the causes are enviromental and lifestyle and intervention is to modify work, school and living situation plus medicine
39
What are the two types of symptom classes of schizophrenia?
positive and negative symptoms
40
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
behavior, thoughts or feelings ADDED to normal behaviors Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized thought Disorganized behavior
41
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Disturbance of affect | Avolition
42
What is disturbance of affect?
Expression of emotion in innapropriate times such as laughing when describing a serious disease
43
What is avolition?
decreased engagement in goal directed behavior
44
What are the symptoms of Major depressive disorder?
SIG E CAPS Sleep disturbances Loss of Interest Excessive Guilt Decreased Energy Difficulty Concentrating Appetite disturbances Psychomotor symptoms Suicidal thought
45
What is thought to be the cause of seasonal affective disorder and what is the treatment?
Abnormal melatonin production brought on by lack of sunlight a UV lamp is prescribed
46
How is bipolar classified?
classified by bouts of mania followed by periods of depression
47
What is the Mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of mania?
DIG FAST
48
What are the symptoms of mania?
distractability, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Agitation, pressured speech, thoughtlessness
49
How is bipolar 1 classified?
Symptoms of mania with or without major depressive episodes
50
How is bipolar 2 classified?
Hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
51
Compared to mania, hypomania is?
less severe and doesn't impair function
52
What is cyclothymic disorder?
both mania and depression are present, but not severe enough for a bipolar diagnosis
53
Anxiety disorders are classified as?
Dissproportionate fear and worry for over 6 months
54
A patient with a panic disorder would feel?
sense of impeding doom, with activation of sympathetic NS symptoms
55
Dissociative disorders are?
disorders where patient avoids stressors by escaping from identity or reality
56
Dissociative amnesia is?
missing memories of past events due to trauma
57
Dissociative identity disorder is?
two or more personalities that alternate or compete for control *Used to be called multiple personality disorder
58
What are the 3 types of somatic symptom disorders?
somatic symptom-symptoms not linked to medical condition Illness anxiety disorder-thought of specific conditions (hypocondria) Conversion disorder-motor or sensory symptoms linked to stress
59
Personality disorders are?
Extreme personality types that exhibit behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, and ego-syntonic
60
Ego-syntonic means?
People exhibiting ego-syntonic behavior don't see anything wrong with their behavior, thinking more along the lines of "well this is how I like it"
61
The classes of personality disorders can be remembered by what?
Weird (class A), Wild (class b), and worried (class c)
62
Class A Personality Disorders are?
Behavior that is odd or eccentric
63
What are the class A personality disorders?
Paranoid: pervasive mistrust and suspition of others Schizotypal: Odd and magical thinking Schizoid: Few interpersonal relationships
64
What are the class B personality disorders?
Antisocial: Disregards right and laws w/lack of empathy Boderline: instablity in mood, identity, and relationships Histronic: needs to be center of attention all the time Narcissistic: needs to be loved and admired by others due to huge lack of self confidence
65
What are the class C personality disorders?
Avoidant: extreme shyness and fear of rejection Dependent: Needs reassurance from others Obsessive-compulsive: ego-syntonic, lack of desire to change, careful routines
66
OCPD and OCD differ-how?
OCPD: ego-syntonic-person does not view actions as wrong "I like clean hands" OCD: ego-dystonic "I wash my hands because there are germs on them"

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