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MCAT Study > Pschy/Soc Review > Flashcards

Pschy/Soc Review Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

An unconditioned stimulus is?

A

any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

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2
Q

An unconditioned response is?

A

the innate/reflexive response that is brought on by an unconditioned stimula

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3
Q

A neutral stimuli is?

A

stimuli that do not bring on a reflexive response

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4
Q

A Conditioned stimulus is?

A

a previously neutral stimulus that through association now causes a reflexive response

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5
Q

A conditioned response is?

A

the response that is caused by a conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Exinction occurs when?

A

the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times and the organism becomes habituated to the C.S

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7
Q

Spontaneous recovery is when?

A

An extinct conditioned stimulus is presented and a weak conditioned response is observed

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8
Q

Generalization is?

A

when an organism is unable to differentiate between stimuli that are similar

*hint:white rat

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9
Q

Discrimination is?

A

When an organism learns to differentiate between similar stimuli

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10
Q

What is reinforcement and what are the two cateogories?

A

Reinforcement: Process that increases the likelyhood of behavior

Postive and negative

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Increase behavior by adding a positive consequence

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Increase behavior by removing something unpleasant

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13
Q

What is punishment?

A

uses conditioning to reduce the incidence of behavior

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14
Q

What is escape learning?

A

role of behavior to reduce something that already exsists

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15
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

to prevent something that has not yet happened

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16
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Adds unpleasant consequence in response to behavior

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17
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Reduction of behavior when stimulus is removed

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18
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

only reinforces behavior after specific number of performances of behavior

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19
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

reinforces after a varying number of performances of that behavior

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20
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

reinforces first instance of behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

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21
Q

Reinforcement Schedules:

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

reinforce first instance of behavior after a varying interval of time

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22
Q

Semantic encoding is?

A

encoding by putting new information into meaningful context

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23
Q

What is maitence rehersal?

A

repetition of a piece of new information to keep it in working memory or to store information short term

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24
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

associating each item on a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

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25
Q

What is peg-wording?

A

Associates a number with items that rhyme or resemble the number

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26
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping together large lists into groups with related meaning

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27
Q

Retrival is?

A

the name given to the process of demonstrating that something learned has been retained

28
Q

the serial position effect is?

A

retrieval cue that appears when learning lists

29
Q

Phonology is?

A

the actual sound of language

30
Q

Morphology (concerning language) is?

A

the structure of words

31
Q

Semantics are?

A

the associations of meanings to words

32
Q

Syntax is?

A

how words are put together to form sentences

*hint: When a computer has an error it is a syntax error because the coding doesn’t have the right format

33
Q

Pragmatics are?

A

the dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

34
Q

The nativist theory of language is?

A

By chomsky-adovated for the existance of some innate compacity for lanuage

35
Q

The learning (Behaviorist theory) of language is?

A

by Skinner; thought language aquisition occured by operant conditioning, specifically reinforcement

36
Q

The social interactionist theory of language is?

A

focused on the interplay between biological and social processes

37
Q

What is the biomedical approach to psychiatric disorders?

A

Treating the symptoms based on underlying neurological and genetic causes but not focusing on restoration of function

38
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach for treating psychiatric disorders?

A

It believes that the causes are enviromental and lifestyle and intervention is to modify work, school and living situation plus medicine

39
Q

What are the two types of symptom classes of schizophrenia?

A

positive and negative symptoms

40
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

behavior, thoughts or feelings ADDED to normal behaviors

Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized thought
Disorganized behavior

41
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Disturbance of affect

Avolition

42
Q

What is disturbance of affect?

A

Expression of emotion in innapropriate times such as laughing when describing a serious disease

43
Q

What is avolition?

A

decreased engagement in goal directed behavior

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Major depressive disorder?

A

SIG E CAPS

Sleep disturbances
Loss of Interest
Excessive Guilt

Decreased Energy

Difficulty Concentrating
Appetite disturbances
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thought

45
Q

What is thought to be the cause of seasonal affective disorder and what is the treatment?

A

Abnormal melatonin production brought on by lack of sunlight

a UV lamp is prescribed

46
Q

How is bipolar classified?

A

classified by bouts of mania followed by periods of depression

47
Q

What is the Mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of mania?

A

DIG FAST

48
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A

distractability, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Agitation, pressured speech, thoughtlessness

49
Q

How is bipolar 1 classified?

A

Symptoms of mania with or without major depressive episodes

50
Q

How is bipolar 2 classified?

A

Hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

51
Q

Compared to mania, hypomania is?

A

less severe and doesn’t impair function

52
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

both mania and depression are present, but not severe enough for a bipolar diagnosis

53
Q

Anxiety disorders are classified as?

A

Dissproportionate fear and worry for over 6 months

54
Q

A patient with a panic disorder would feel?

A

sense of impeding doom, with activation of sympathetic NS symptoms

55
Q

Dissociative disorders are?

A

disorders where patient avoids stressors by escaping from identity or reality

56
Q

Dissociative amnesia is?

A

missing memories of past events due to trauma

57
Q

Dissociative identity disorder is?

A

two or more personalities that alternate or compete for control

*Used to be called multiple personality disorder

58
Q

What are the 3 types of somatic symptom disorders?

A

somatic symptom-symptoms not linked to medical condition

Illness anxiety disorder-thought of specific conditions (hypocondria)

Conversion disorder-motor or sensory symptoms linked to stress

59
Q

Personality disorders are?

A

Extreme personality types that exhibit behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, and ego-syntonic

60
Q

Ego-syntonic means?

A

People exhibiting ego-syntonic behavior don’t see anything wrong with their behavior, thinking more along the lines of “well this is how I like it”

61
Q

The classes of personality disorders can be remembered by what?

A

Weird (class A), Wild (class b), and worried (class c)

62
Q

Class A Personality Disorders are?

A

Behavior that is odd or eccentric

63
Q

What are the class A personality disorders?

A

Paranoid: pervasive mistrust and suspition of others
Schizotypal: Odd and magical thinking
Schizoid: Few interpersonal relationships

64
Q

What are the class B personality disorders?

A

Antisocial: Disregards right and laws w/lack of empathy
Boderline: instablity in mood, identity, and relationships
Histronic: needs to be center of attention all the time
Narcissistic: needs to be loved and admired by others due to huge lack of self confidence

65
Q

What are the class C personality disorders?

A

Avoidant: extreme shyness and fear of rejection
Dependent: Needs reassurance from others
Obsessive-compulsive: ego-syntonic, lack of desire to change, careful routines

66
Q

OCPD and OCD differ-how?

A

OCPD: ego-syntonic-person does not view actions as wrong
“I like clean hands”
OCD: ego-dystonic
“I wash my hands because there are germs on them”

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