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MCAT Quicksheets Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids?

A 
Glycine 
Alanine
Valine
Leucine 
Isoleucine 
methionine 
proline
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2
Q

What are the positively charged amino acids?

A

Arginine
Lysine
Histidine

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3
Q

What are the negatively charged amino acids?

A

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

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4
Q

What are the polar amino acids?

A 
Serine
Theronine 
Cysteine
Aspargine 
Glutamine
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5
Q

What are the amino acids with aromatic side chains?

A

tryptophan
phenylalanine
tyrosine

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6
Q

What amino acid is achiral?

A

Glycine

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7
Q

What amino acid does not have (S) configuration?

A

cysteine

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8
Q

At low pH, amino acids are?

A

fully protonated

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9
Q

At neutral pH, amino acids are?

A

Zwitterions

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10
Q

At high pH, amino acids are?

A

fully deprotonated

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11
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

change the rate (kinetics) at which equillibrium is reached

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12
Q

Enzymes DO NOT?

A

alter the free energy or the enthalpy

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13
Q

What are ligases?

A

responsible for joining two large biomolecules, often at the same time

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14
Q

What are Isomerases?

A

They catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including both constitutional and stereoisomers

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15
Q

Lyases are?

A

Enzymes that catalyze cleavage without the addition of water and without the transfer of electrons.

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16
Q

Hydrolases are?

A

Enzymes that catalyze cleavage with addition of water

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17
Q

Oxidoreductases are?

A

Enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve transfer of electrons

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18
Q

Transferases are?

A

Enzymes that move a functional group from one moleucule to another

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19
Q

What type of reaction is peptide bond formation?

A

a condensation (dehydration) reaction where nucleophilic amino group attacks the electrophilic carbonyl.

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20
Q

Peptide bonds are broken via?

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

Primary structure of proteins is?

A

the linear sequence of amino acids

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22
Q

Secondary structure is?

A

local structure, stablized by hydrogen bonding

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23
Q

alpha helices and beta sheets are located in what structural level?

A

Secondary structure

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24
Q

Tertiary structure is?

A

three-dimensional structure stablized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions (salt bridges), hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds

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25
Quaternary structure is?
interactions between subunits
26
Motor proteins are?
capable of force generation through a conformational change. Myosin, Kinesin and dyenein are examples
27
Bind proteins?
bind a specific substrate either to sequester it in the body or hold it's concentration at a steady state
28
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) do what?
bind cells to other surfaces cadherins, integrins and selectins are examples
29
Antibodies, often referred to as ______________ target?
immunoglobulins target specific antigens, which could be a protein on the surface of a pathogen or a toxin
30
Ion channels are used for?
regulating ion flow into or out of a cell
31
There are 3 main types of ion channels-what are they?
Ungated channels Voltage-gated channels ligand-gated channels
32
What are Enzyme-linked receptors do?
they participate in cell signaling through extra cellular ligand binding and initiation of secondary messenger cascades
33
G protein coupled receptors are?
membrane bound proteins associated with a trimeric G protein which initiate secondary messenger systems.
34
3-carbon sugars are referred to as ___________, while 4-carbon sugars are referred to as _______.
3-carbon sugars are referred to as trioses, while 4-carbon sugars are referred to as tetraoses.
35
Aldoses are sugars with?
the most oxidized group being aldehydes
36
Ketoses are sugars with?
The most oxidized group being ketones
37
What makes a sugar a D-sugar?
sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the right in a Fisher projection are D-sugars
38
D- and L- forms of sugars are?
enantiomers
39
Diastereomers differ?
by at LEAST one-but not all chiral carbons
40
__________ describes the ring formation of carbohydrates from their straight-chain forms.
Cyclization
41
What is the anomeric carbon?
the new chiral center formed in a ring closure -it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straigh form
42
What is a monosaccharide?
single carbon units
43
What are the 3 main reactions that occur to monosaccharides?
oxidation-reduction esterification glycoside formation
44
Sugars with an -H replacing the -OH group are referred to as?
deoxy sugars
45
What are some common disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose and maltose
46
What is the main polysaccharide structural component of plant cell walls, and is the main source of fiber in the human diet?
Cellulose
47
What is the main polysaccharide energy storage for plants?
Starches (amylose and amylopectin)
48
What polysaccharide is the main energy storage form for animals?
Glycogen
49
Five carbon sugars bonded to a nitrogenous base are called?
nucleosides
50
Nucleosides with one to three phosphate groups added are called?
Nucleotides
51
ATP's structure is?
a high energy nucleotide with an adensine nuceloside attached
52
In DNA nucleotides contain ____________ while in RNA they contain _______.
DNA=Doxyribose | RNA=ribose
53
The DNA backbone is composed of?
alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
54
Within the double helix, two strands are woven with?
antiparallel polarity
55
What is Chargaff's rule?
purines (A and G) and pyrimidines (C, U, and T) are always in equal number in DNA. Amount of A = Amount of T Amount of C= Amount of G
56
DNA strands after being denatured can be put back together in a process called?
reannealing
57
Nucleosomes are?
DNA wound around histone proteins and form the nucleosome
58
What are the histones that DNA is wound around in eukaryotes?
H2A, H2B, H3 and H4
59
Heterochromatin is?
dense, transcriptionally silent DNA
60
Euchromatin is?
less dense, transcriptionally active DNA
61
Telomeres are located where? What keeps them from unravelling?
At the end of chromosomes-high CG content prevents them from unraveling
62
What do centromeres do?
Hold sister chromatids together until they are separated during anaphase in mitosis *also have high C-G content
63
What enzyme unwinds the double helix during replication?
helicase
64
DNA's semiconservative replication means that?
the old parent strand and new daughter stand are incorporated into each of the new DNA molecules
65
The leading strand of DNA requires ________ and then can be synthesized continously.
one primer
66
The lagging strand of DNA requires ___________ and is synthesized in discrete sections called Okazki Fragments.
Many primers
67
_________ _________ introduced a fragment of DNA into a vector plasmid.
DNA cloning
68
What cuts the vector plasmid and the DNA fragment in DNA cloning?
a restriction endocnuclease
69
Which library can be used for recombinate proteins and gene therapy? Genomic Libraries or cDNA libraries
cDNA libraries can be used for recombinate proteins and gene therapy
70
What is hybridization?
joining of complementary base pair sequences
71
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
automated process which millions of copies of DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization
72
How can DNA molecules be separated by size?
using agarose gel electrophoresis
73
Southern Blotting is used for?
used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample
74
deoxyribonucleotides are used in DNA sequencing because?
they lack the 3'-OH group which terminates the DNA chain
75
What is the initiation code for DNA?
AUG
76
What are the termination codes for DNA?
UGA, UAA, UAG
77
What are two things that allow mutations to occur within the DNA without affecting the protein?
Redundancy and wobble
78
What are the different types of point mutations?
Silent mutations Nonsense mutations Missense mutations Frameshift mutations
79
Slient Mutations have no?
effect on protein synthesis
80
Nonsense mutation are?
mutations that produce a premature stop codon
81
Missense mutations are?
mutations that produce a codon that codes for a different amino acid
82
Frameshift mutations are?
mutations which result from nucleotide addition or deletion and change the reading frame of subsequent codons

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