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MCAT Study > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 components of cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic functional unit of life
Cells arise from only pre-existing cells
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA from parent to daughter cell, and may use RNA as the genetic

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2
Q

What function does the cytosol serve?

A

Suspend the organelles and allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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3
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two sections, and what are the functions of those?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum=studded with ribosomes which permits translation of proteins destined for secretion

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum=no ribosomes, used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

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4
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They contain hydrologic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

If these enzymes are released autolysis of the cell can occur

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5
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation.

They also participate in phospholipid synthesis and pentode phosphate pathway

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6
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Composed of actin

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7
Q

What are some of the functions of microfilaments?

A

They provide structural protection and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin.

They also help form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

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8
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubular

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9
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

They create pathways for motor proteins like kinesiology and dye in
Contribute to structure of cilia and flagella (they are organized into the 9+2 arrangement)

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10
Q

What are Intermediate filaments?

A

They are involved in cell to cell adhesion and maintence of the cytoskeleton, helping anchor other organelles

EX:keratin

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11
Q

What kind of genetic information structure do prokaryotes have?

A

A circular formation

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12
Q

Obligate aerobes survive?

A

In oxygen environments

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13
Q

Obligate anerobes survive in?

A

Non-oxygen environments, can only carry out anerobic metabolism

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14
Q

Facultative anaerobes survive?

A

In either oxygen or non-oxygen environments

Toggle between metabolisms depending on environment

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15
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes surive?

A

In either oxygen or non-oxygen environments BUT cannot carry out aerobic metabolism

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16
Q

What color do Gram - and Gram + bacteria turn during a gram stain?

A

Gram - turn pink red

Gram + turn dark purple due to peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

17
Q

How do prokaryotes multiply?

A

Binary fission

18
Q

Episomes?

A

Plasmids (extrachromosomal genetic material) that can intergrate into the genome

19
Q

What is transformation?

A

Occurs when genetic material from surroundings is taken up by the cell, which can incorporate this material into genome

20
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another across conjugation bridge

21
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another via bacteriophage vector

22
Q

What are transposons?

A

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from genome

23
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

A

Lag phase
Log (exponential) phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

24
Q

What occurs during the lag phase?

A

Bacteria adapt to new environment

25
Q

What occurs during the log (exponential) phase?

A

Growth increases exponentially

26
Q

What occurs during stationary phase?

A

Exponential growth uses up resources in the environment and growth begins to slow

27
Q

What are positive sense viruses?

A

They are single stranded RNA viruses who’s DNA can be translated by host cell)

28
Q

What are negative sense viruses?

A

Viruses that require a complementary strand to be synthesized by RNA replicase before translation

29
Q

What are Retroviruses?

A

Contain a single stranded RNA genome which complementary DNA strand can be produced from using reverse transcriptase. This allows DNA strand to be incorporated into the genome

30
Q

The lytic cycle of bacteria involves?

A

Bacteriophages producing massive numbers of new virons until the cell lyses

31
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle of bacteria?

A

Virus integrates into the host genome and replicates with it. It will continue reproducing with the cell. This provirus will either continue or through environmental factors enter the lytic cycle

32
Q

Prions are?

A

Infectious proteins that cause protein misfolding by converting alpha-helixes to beta sheets

33
Q

Viroids affect?

A

Plants

MCAT Study (16 decks)

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