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MCAT Quicksheets Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system?

A

Motor (efferent)
interneurons
sensory (afferent)

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2
Q

What is the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system focused on?

A

Rest and digest

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic branch of the nervous system focused on?

A

Fight or flight

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4
Q

What are some of the effects from parasympathetic nervous system activation?

A 
Constriction of pupils
Stimulates saliva flow 
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
Stimulates bile production
Contracts bladder
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5
Q

What are some of the effects from sympathetic nervous system activation?

A 
Dilates pupils 
inhibits salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Piloerection or sweating
Inhibits peristalsis
Stimulates glucose production and release
Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Inhibits bladder contraction
Stimulates orgasm
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6
Q

What is the organization of the hindbrain?

A

Contains the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation

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7
Q

What is the organization of the midbrain?

A

contains inferior and superior colliculi

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8
Q

What is the organization of the Forebrain?

A

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the thalamus?

A

relay station for sensory information

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the the hypothalamus?

A

maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the basal ganglia?

A

smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the Limbic system?

A

controls emotion and memory

includes:
Septal nuclei
amygdala 
hippocampus 
fornix
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13
Q

What do the Septal nuclei do in the Limbic system?

A

pleasure-seeking

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14
Q

What does the amygdala control?

A

fear and aggression

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15
Q

What does the hippocampus aid in?

A

memory

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16
Q

What purpose does the fornix serve in the Limbic system?

A

Communication within the system

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17
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

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18
Q

What functions does the Frontal lobe serve?

A 
Executive function
Impulse Control
Long-term planning 
Motor function
Speech production
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19
Q

Long term planning in the frontal lobe occurs in?

A

the prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

Speech production in the frontal lobe occurs in?

A

Broca’s Area

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21
Q

What functions does the Parietal lobes serve?

A

Sensation of touch, pressure, temp, and pain

Spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation

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22
Q

What function does the Occipital lobe serve?

A

Visual Processing

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23
Q

What function does the temporal lobe serve?

A

Sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

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24
Q

Sound processing occurs in what area of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory cortex

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25
Q

Speech perception occurs in what area of the temporal lobe?

A

Wernicke’s area

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26
Q

What are the 7 main neurotransmitters?

A 
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA, Glycine
Glutamate
Endorpins
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27
Q

What is Acetylcholine responsible for?

A

Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
attention
alertness

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28
Q

What is Epinephrine and Norepinephrine responsible for?

A

Fight or Flight respnses
Wakefulness
Alertness

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29
Q

What is serotonin responsible for?

A

Mood
sleep
eating
dreaming

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30
Q

What is GABA, Glycine responsible for

A

brain “stablization”

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31
Q

What is glutamate responsible for?

A

brain “excitation”

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32
Q

What are endorphins responsible for?

A

natural painkillers

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33
Q

What is sensation?

A

the conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals

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34
Q

What is perception?

A

the processing of sensory information to make sense of it’s significance

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35
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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36
Q

Sensory neurons do what?

A

transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS

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37
Q

Where are sensory stimuli transmitted to?

A

projection areas in the brain which further analyze the sensory input

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38
Q

What is threshold?

A

the minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

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39
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

states that the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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40
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli

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41
Q

Adaptation in regards to behavioral sciences is?

A

a decrease in response t a stimulus over time

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42
Q

What is the visual pathway of the eye?

A

retina->optic nerve->optic chiasm->optic tracts->lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus->visual radiations->visual cortex

Really nice cats that totally remember class.

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43
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

detects sound

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44
Q

What does the utricle and saccule do?

A

detect LINEAR acceleration

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45
Q

What do the semicircular canals do?

A

detect ROTATIONAL acceleration

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46
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

Cochlea->vestibulocochear nerve->medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus->auditory cortex

Could very nice tall cats audit?

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47
Q

Smell is?

A

detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by olfactory chemoreceptors

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48
Q

Taste is?

A

detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae

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49
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

four touch modalities

pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

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50
Q

What is kinesthetic sense (proprioception)

A

Ability to tell where one’s body is in space

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51
Q

What is Bottoms up (data driven) processing?

A

recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection.
Slower, but less prone to mistakes

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52
Q

What is Top down (conceptually driven processing)?

A

recognition of objects by memories and expectations with little attention to detail.

Faster but more prone to mistakes

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53
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

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54
Q

Habituation is?

A

the process of becoming used to a stimulus

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55
Q

Dishabituation is?

A

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to original stimulus

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56
Q

What is observational learning?

A

the acquisition of behavior by watching others

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57
Q

What is associative learning?

A

pairing together stimuli and responses, behavior and consequences

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58
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus. This stimulus then becomes the conditioned stimulus

*think pavlov

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59
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a form of associate learning in which the frequency pf a bahvior is modifed using reinforcement (increasing behavior) or punishment (decreasing behavior)

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60
Q

What is encoding (in behavioral sciences)?

A

the process of putting new information to memory

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61
Q

Where are memory facts stored?

A

via semantic networks

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62
Q

What is retrival of information based on?

A

Priming

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63
Q

What type of information retrevial is stronger?

A

Recognition of information is stronger than recall

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64
Q

What are the EEG waves and features of the awake stage of consciousness?

A

Beta and alpha waves

Able to perceive, process, access, and express information

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65
Q

What are the EEG waves and features of the 1 stage of consciousness?

A

Theta

Light sleep

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66
Q

What are the EEG waves and features of the 2 stage of consciousness?

A

Theta

Sleep spindles and K complexes

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67
Q

What are the EEG waves and features of the 3/4 stage of consciousness?

A

Delta

Slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory, memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

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68
Q

What are the EEG waves and features of the REM stage of consciousness?

A

Mostly Beta

Appears awake physiologically, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

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69
Q

What are dyssomnias?

A 
(amount of time sleeping)
Include:
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
sleep deprivation
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70
Q

What are parasomnias?

A

(odd behavior during sleep)
night terrors
sleepwalking

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71
Q

What is drug addiction mediated by?

A

The mesolimbic system

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72
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter involved in drug addiction?

A

dopamine

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73
Q

Examples of depressants are?

A

alcohol, barbituates and benzodiazopines

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74
Q

What are the functions of depressants?

A

sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

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75
Q

What are some examples of stimulants?

A

amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

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76
Q

What are the functions of stimulants?

A

Increased arousal

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77
Q

What are some examples of opiates?

A

heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

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78
Q

What are the function of opiates?

A

Decreased reaction to pain and euphoria

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79
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogenes?

A

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms

80
Q

What are the function of hallucinogenes?

A

Distortion of reality and fantasy; introspection

81
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?

A

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operation state

82
Q

The Sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development focuses?

A

on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions, object permanence ends this stage

83
Q

The Preoperational stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development focuses?

A

Focuses on symbolic thinking,egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person is thinking or feeling) and centration (focusing only on one aspect of a phenomena)

84
Q

The Concrete Operational stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development focuses?

A

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

85
Q

The Formal Operational stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development focuses?

A

focuses on abstract thought an problem solving

86
Q

What is selective attention?

A

allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimulus require attention in the background

87
Q

What is divided attention?

A

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

88
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

launguage comprehension, damage here results in Wernicke’s aphasia

89
Q

What is arcuate fasciculus?

A

connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s are

damage here results in conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehesion

90
Q

What is motivation?

A

driving force or motivation behind our actions

91
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

motivation based on external circumstances

92
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

motivation based on internal drive or perception

93
Q

What is instinct theory?

A

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

94
Q

What is Arousal theory?

A

The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; aim for optimual levels of arousal for a given task

95
Q

What is drive reduction theory?

A

individuals act to relieve internal states of tension

96
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarch of needs?

A 
prioritizes needs into five categories:
physiological needs highest priority 
safety and security 
Love and belonging 
Self-esteem 
Self-actualization (lowest priority)
97
Q

What are the 7 universal emotions?

A

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

98
Q

What is the physiological and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes?

A

Stress

99
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

100
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge

101
Q

A stressor is classified as something that?

A

leads to a stress response; can include enviromental, social, psychological, chemical and biological stressors

102
Q

What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

103
Q

What is self-concept?

A

The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves, in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

104
Q

What is Identities?

A

individual components of ourself concept related to groups to which we belong

105
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

our evaluation of ourselves

106
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

107
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives.

Can be either internal or external

108
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

a psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought, perception and behavior

109
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavior

110
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

disturbance of affect and avolition

111
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

contains at least on major depressive episode

112
Q

What is Persistent depressive disorder?

A

a depressed mood for at least two years

113
Q

What is Seasonal affective disorder?

A

The colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occuring during winter months

114
Q

What is Bipolar I?

A

contains at least one manic episode

115
Q

What is Bipolar II

A

contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

116
Q

What is Cyclothymic disorder?

A

contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

117
Q

A patient showing constant disproportionate and persistent worry would be diagnosed with?

A

General Anxiety Disorder

118
Q

Specific phobias refer to?

A

irrational fears of specific objects

119
Q

A patient with anxiety due to social or performance situations would be diagnosed with?

A

Social anxiety disorder

120
Q

Agoraphobia is?

A

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

121
Q

A patient with a recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus would be diagnosed with a?

A

panic disorder

122
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

obsessions: persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses
compulsions: repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment

123
Q

What is body dismorphic disorder?

A

unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or specific body part

124
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

inability to recall past experience

-may involve dissociative fugue

125
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

Sudden changes in location that can involve the assumption of a new identity

126
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

two or more personalities that can take control of behavior

127
Q

What is depersonalization/derealization disorder?

A

feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the enviroment

128
Q

In Freud’s stages of psychosexual development:

Based on tensions caused by the ___________ failure at any given stage can lead to ______________.

A

Based on tensions caused by the Libido failure at any given stage can lead to fixation.

129
Q

Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development:

What are the stages?

A 
Trust vs. Mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt 
industry vs. inferiority 
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
130
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning development describes? and what are the stage?

A

approaches individuals take to resolve moral dilemmas

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

131
Q

Vygotsky’s theory of cultural and biosocial development describes?

A

the development of language, culture and skills

132
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective is what?

A

the thought that personality results from unconscious urges and desires

133
Q

the id, superego and ego are which psychologists name for psychoanalytic perspective?

A

Freud

134
Q

the collective, unconscious, and archetypes are which psychologists name for psychoanalytic perspective?

A

Jung

135
Q

What perspective emphasized internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization?

A

Humanistic perspective

136
Q

What are the two most famous humanistic perspective theories?

A

Maslow: hierarchy of needs
Rogers:unconditional positive regard

137
Q

Type and trait theory can be described as?

A

a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

138
Q

INFJ, ENTP and ESTP are all examples of?

A

Myers-Briggs Type inventory

139
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder?

A

at least one somatic system, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern

140
Q

What is Illness anxiety disorder?

A

preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition

141
Q

What is conversion disorder?

A

unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function

142
Q

Cluster A of personality disorders can be called “odd or eccentric” and include?

A

paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid

143
Q

Cluster B of personality disorders can be referred to as “dramatic, emotional, erratic or wild” and include?

A

antisocial, borderline, histeonic, narcissistic

144
Q

Cluster C of personality disorders can be referred to as “anxious, fearful, or worried” and include?

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

145
Q

What is the Group psychology behind social facilitation?

A

Social facilitation is the ability to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around

146
Q

What is the Group psychology behind deindividuation?

A

Deindividation is the loss of self awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

147
Q

What is the Group psychology behind the bystander effect?

A

The bystander effect is that in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

148
Q

What is the Group psychology behind peer pressure?

A

Peer pressure is social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equals

149
Q

What is the Group psychology behind group polarization?

A

tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

150
Q

What is the Group psychology behind group think?

A

Group think is the tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas

151
Q

What is assimilation?

A

when one culture begins to melt into another

152
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

153
Q

What is subculture?

A

a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs

154
Q

What is socialization?

A

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

155
Q

What are norms?

A

boundaries of acceptable behavior within society

156
Q

What are stigmas?

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences

157
Q

What is deviance?

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

158
Q

What is conformity?

A

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

159
Q

What is compliance?

A

individuals change behavior based on the request of others

160
Q

What is obediance?

A

change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

161
Q

What is status?

A

a position in society used to calssify indivuals

162
Q

What are Roles?

A

a set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain stimulus

163
Q

What are Groups?

A

two or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity

164
Q

What is a Network?

A

observable patterns of social relationships between individuals or groups

165
Q

What is an organization?

A

group with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individuals’s membership within organization

166
Q

What are display rules?

A

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

167
Q

What is Impression management?

A

Maintenance of a public image through various strategies

168
Q

What is Dramaturgical approach?

A

individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role infront of an audience

169
Q

What is interpersonal attraction influenced by?

A

physical, social and psychological factors

170
Q

What is aggression?

A

behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

171
Q

What is attachment?

A

an emotional bond to another person, usually refers to the bond between a child and caregiver

172
Q

What is altruism?

A

helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at personal cost

173
Q

Attribution Theory?

A

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other’s behavior

174
Q

Attribution Theory:

Dispositional (internal) causes?

A

causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered

ex: if a person is smiling and laughing one might attribute that to being happy

175
Q

Attribution Theory:

Situational (external) causes?

A

Causes relate to features of the surroundings or social context

ex: A person is crying due to their dog dying, you can attribute them being sad due to dog dying

176
Q

Attribution Theory:

Correspondent inference theory describes?

A

attributions that are made by observing the intentional behaviors performed by another person

177
Q

Attribution Theory:

Fundamental attribution error is?

A

a bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions

ex: you diagnose a patient with depression however, the patient has not informed you that symptoms began when their dog died

178
Q

A Stereotype is?

A

attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information

179
Q

A self-fulfilling prophecy is?

A

the phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to the confirmation of this stereotype

180
Q

Prejudice is?

A

an irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience

181
Q

Ethnocentrism is?

A

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture (in group vs. out group)

182
Q

Cultural relativism is?

A

studying social groups and cultures on their own terms

183
Q

Discrimination is when?

A

Prejudicial attitudes cause difference in treatment of groups

184
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society

185
Q

What is Conflict theory?

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order

186
Q

What is Symbolic interactionism?

A

the study of how individuals interact through a shard understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

187
Q

What is Social constructionism?

A

Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

188
Q

What are demographics?

A

the statistical arm of sociology

189
Q

What is migration referred to in sociology?

A

the movement of people into or out of a geographical location

190
Q

What is Demographic transition?

A

a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrilization

191
Q

A class (in social stratification) is?

A

a category of people with shared socioeconomic status

192
Q

Power is?

A

the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments

193
Q

Social capital is?

A

The investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards

194
Q

Social reproduction is?

A

the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty to other generations

195
Q

Poverty is?

A

low Socioeconomic status
-in the US the poverty line is the goverment’s calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities of life

MCAT Study (16 decks)

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