The Endocrine system

Question 1

What is the Endocrine system?

Answer 1

The hypothalmus controls the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland secretes numerous hormones via the blood to control activity of certain organs. it is for long distance communication.

Question 2

How do steroid hormones communicate ?

Answer 2

They are water soluble. they can diffuse across the plasma membrane.

Question 3

How do protein hormones communicate?

Answer 3

They can not diffuse across the plasma membrane. They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and raise the concentration of cAMP. cAMP then activate the activity of the cell

Question 4

What are the different sections of the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Anterior gland

Posterior gland

Question 5

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

1) it secrets releasing factors into thea portal system to the anterior pituitary
2) the hypothalmus has neurosecretory cells that secrete hormones Vasopressin and Oxyticin directly into the posterior pituitary.

Question 6

which Hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

1) Growth Hormone
2) thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4) Prolactin
5) Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Intestinal Cell stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
6) Luteinizing Hormone

Question 7

What are the Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 7

1) Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic Hormone(ADH)

2) Oxytocin

Question 8

What is the function of Growth Hormone?

Answer 8

Causes growth of the body; all cells in all body parts. Important for growth in the adolescent stage. post adolescence it continue to play a role in metabolism (protein synthesis and increasing blood glucose concentration

Question 9

What are defects of touch/little growth hormone?

Answer 9

To much at an early age lead to gigantism

to little leads to dwarfism

Question 10

What is the function of Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

Answer 10

stimulate the thyroid gland. thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 is secreted by the thyroid. It increases the overall metabollic rate of the body

Question 11

what is the function of Adrecorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)?

Answer 11

stimulates production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.

Question 12

What is the function of Prolactin?

Answer 12

Plays a role in development of the breast after pregnancy and the secretion of milk after child birth

Question 13

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone?

Answer 13

also called vasopressin causes rise in the arterial pressure and enhances the rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Question 14

What is the function of Oxytocin?

Answer 14

Contraction of the uterus and other smooth muscles. Makes milk flow by stimulating myoepithelial cells in the breast

Question 15

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 15

oTop of the kidneys

Question 16

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 16

1) Mineralocorticoids- e.g. aldosterone
2) Glucocorticoids - e.g. cortisol
3) Sex hormones - e.g. testosterone and estrogen

Question 17

What transmitter is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 17

epinephrine (adrenaline)

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 18

What is the function of the Mineralocorticoids?

Answer 18

Regulation of electrolyte balance of the body

it promotes the retention of sodium and the secretion of potassium in the urine.

Question 19

What is the function of the Glucocorticoids?

Answer 19

Influence metabolism of fats, proteins and sugar.
concentration of glucose in the blood rise by decreasing the uptake of sugar by the cells
degradation of proteins and the increase of the use of fat for energy.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the sex hormones?

Answer 20

Responsible for the differentiation af the sex organs in the males and females.

Question 21

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 21

anterior of the neck

Question 22

explain the anatomy of the thyroid gland.

Answer 22

it is composed of follicles lined with thyroid glandular cells. they produce a thyroglobulin which contain thyroxin a thyroid molecule.

Question 23

What does thyroxine do?

Answer 23

Combines with plasma proteins. they increase the synthesis of proteins and the number of mitochondria in the cell. Which increase the production of ATP. promotes cellular metabolism.

Question 24

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 24

Excess thyroid secretion. This causes a increased metabolic rate.

Question 25

what is hypothyroidism?

Answer 25

Inadequate amounts of thyroid hormones. This causes a slower metabolism and collection of fluid in tissue. This is called myxedema.

Question 26

What are the affect of the thyroid and parathyroid gland?

Answer 26

Thyroid produces calcitonin. inhibits osteoclast activity and osteoblasts to form bone tissue. (decreases blood calcium levels)

parathyroid produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone. Raising Calcium and PO43- in the blood

Question 27

What are the functions of the pancreatic hormones?

Answer 27

It contains clusters of cell(islets of langerhans).
alpha cells -secrete glucagon. increases blood glucose concentration by promoting the conversion on glycogen to glucose in the liver (glyogensis). (gluconeogensis) - production of glucose from amino acids

beta cells - produce insulin. insulin decreases blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake of glucose.

Question 28

What are the hormones of the kidneys?

Answer 28

renin & erythropoietin.

Question 29

What does renin do?

Answer 29

produces the increase of water absorption and blood pressure through the the activation of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

Question 30

What does the Renin Angiotensin System produce?

Answer 30

produces angiotensin II from angiotensin I

angiotensin II - acts on the adrenal cortex to produce and release aldosterone.

Question 31

What is the purpose of Erythropoietin?

Answer 31

increase the production of erythrocytes in the red blood marrow. this is essential for the production of vitamin D