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excretory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is excretion?

A

It is the elimination of waste from the body?

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2
Q

How is red blood cells eliminated from the body?

A

it leaves as bile pigments through the G.I. tract

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3
Q

What products are expelled through the urine excretion?

A 
CO2
NH3 and toxic nitrogenous compounds 
creatinine 
H2O
urea 
uric acid 
toxic drugs
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4
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

it is produced in the kidneys (because of the blood) transported down tubular ureters. into muscular sacs the bladder out through the urethra.
by peristalic wave transport.

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5
Q

What is affects the filtration of blood?

A

urine blood volume/blood pressure

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6
Q

what are the parts of the kidney?

A

Hilum - concave border (ureter vessels connect there)
Renal pelvis- divides into 2 or 3 major calyx
major calyx - divided into minor calyx

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7
Q

what is the grainy looking outside called?

A

cortex

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8
Q

What is the inner dark striated area called?

A

Medulla

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9
Q

What is the function of the kidney in a general sense?

A

filtration-reabsorption-secretion(excretion) organ

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10
Q

What is the nephron?

A

It is the functional unit of the kidney composed of renal corpsucle and the renal tubule.

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11
Q

What is the responsibility of the renal corpuscle?

A

filtration of blood

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12
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Glomerulus - tangled ball of capillaries

Bowmans capsule- sac like structure which surround the glomerulus

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13
Q

What leads to and away from the glomerulus?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

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14
Q

What is the renal tubule divided into?

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The tube ends in the collecting duct.
a loop of henle is between.

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15
Q

The blood is filtered by which three layers of the glomerulus before entering the bowmans capsule?

A

first layer - formed by the endothelial cells

second layer - glomerular basement membrane third layer - podocytes(negatively charged cells

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16
Q

What is the rate of filtration equal to?

A

hydrostatic pressure vs osmotic pressure

17
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Blood plasma without the proteins

18
Q

After leaving the bowmans capsule where does the filtrate go?

A

Proximal convoluted tube

19
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube?

A

Reabsorption of compounds that the body need. Amino acids glucose. over 75% of water and ions is reabsorbed by the PCT.

20
Q

How is the surface area increased in the PCT?

A

Microvilli. H+, urea and penicillin is secrerted into the PCT

21
Q

Afte the PCT where does the filtrate go?

A

into the ascending and decsneding limbs of the loop of henle which extends into the renal medulla.

22
Q

What is the purpose of the loop of henle?

A

Concentrate the filtrate by the transport of ions (Na and Cl) into the medulla which produces an osmotic gradient

23
Q

What is the consequence of the transport of ions into the medulla?

A

The medulla gets concentrated with ions and pulls water out of the tubule by osmosis

24
Q

where does the filtrate go after leaving the medulla?

A

the distal convoluted tubule.

25
Q

What is the purpose of the DCT?

A

It reabsorbs ions actively and water passively and secretes variuos ions

26
Q

What hormone acts on the DCT?

A

aldetosterone acts on the DCT to absorb Na+ and secrete K+ and retain water

27
Q

What is the final path of the filtrate?

A

It is now called urine. it passes into the collecting ducts leads to larger and larger ducts which lead to renal papillae, calyces, the renal pelvis then the ureter

28
Q

What is the affect of ADH on the DCT?

A

it concentrates urine by by increasing the permeabilty of the DCTand the collecting ducts allowing the medulla to draw water out by osmosis.

29
Q

How is water returned to circulation?

A

by a system of vessels called the vasa recta

30
Q

What is juxtaglomerular cells?

A

cells near the DCT that secret renin

31
Q

What is the mascula densa?

A

modified tubular cells that influence the secretion of renin

32
Q

what is the juxtaglomerlar apparatus?

A

the mascula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells collectively.

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