The circulatory system

Question 1

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart - pump

blood vessels - closed system of ducts

blood - flows through blood vessels and heart

Question 2

What are some important functions of blood in the circulatory system?

Answer 2

-Transport

 \*hormones from endocrine

* Components of the immune system

\*nutrients from digestive tract \*oxygen from respiratory system

* waste from cells to excretory and respiratory

-temp. control (thermoregulation)

\*distributing heat from skeletal muscle

 \*directed to or away from skins to conserve or release heat

Question 3

Describe the systemic circulation.

Answer 3

deoxgygenated blood returning from all systems in the body (excluding lungs) follows this path:

INFERIOR and SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

RiGHT ATRIUM- through the tricuspid valve

RIGHT VENTRICLE - through pulmonary valve

SEMILUNAR valves and PULMONARY ARTERIES - to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

Question 4

Describe the Pulmonary circulation.

Answer 4

blood is oxygenated in the lungs:

PULMONARY VEINS - returns oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

LEFT ATRIUM

MATRIAL (bicuspid valve)

LEFT VENTRICLE

AORTA AND AORTIC VALVES(coronary arteries)

oxygenated blood is returned to the body systems

aorta -arteries- aterioles- capallaries - deoxygenated - venules-veins - back to systemic system

Question 5

What is the bicuspid valve?

Answer 5

a two leaflet shape valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle.

it is also called the Mitral valve

malfuction of this valve can cause heart mumurs.

Question 6

What is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 6

a three leaflet valve between the right ventricle and right atrium that prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle.

Malfunction of this valve causes heart murmurs.

Question 7

decribe the makeup of the blood vessels.

Answer 7

arteries have smooth muscular walls- handle high pressure

veins thinner walls- handle lower pressure

both are composed of:

Adventitia - outer layer

intima - inner layer

media- middle layer

Capillary- smallest of the blood vessels. Form capilary beds where gas and waste exchange by diffusion.

Question 8

explain blood pressure in terms of systolic and diastolic.

Answer 8

blood pressure is the force exerted by the inner walls of blood pressure. measured in systolic/diastolic. it is usually measured in the brachial artery of the arm.

systolic - maximal artery pressure (when the ventricles contract)

diastolic - minimal pressure (when the ventricles relax)

ex. 120/80

systolic - 120mmHg, diastolic-80mmHg

Question 9

What is the pulse pressure?

Answer 9

systolic - diastolic

120 -80 = 40

Question 10

What is peripheral resistance?

Answer 10

Aterioles and capillaries that resist the flow of blood from arteries to veins. Narrower the vessel the higher the resistance .

the higher the peripheral resistance the higher blood pressure.

Question 11

what is the composition of blood?

Answer 11

55% plasma

45% formed elements

Question 12

What is the composition of plasma?

Answer 12

92% water

electrolytes

Albumin

Globulins

fibronogen

Question 13

What is Albumin?

Answer 13

a plasma protein. Important for maintaining osmotic pressure and transport of substances in the blood

Question 14

what are globulins?

Answer 14

a plasma protein. made up of transport proteins and antibody proteins

Question 15

What is Fibrinogen?

Answer 15

a plasma protein that polymerizes to form fibrin.

fibrin is a clotting factor of the blood.

take away fibrinogen you are left with serum.

Question 16

What are the formed elements in blood and where are they produced?

Answer 16

they are produced in the bone marrow and are made of

red blood cells

platelets

Calcium

white blood cells (leukocytes) -Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 17

Primary function of red blood cells?

Answer 17

Biconcave cells that transport CO2 and O2

Question 18

What are and the function of platlets ?

Answer 18

They are large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

they function in blood clotting. they adhere to the colagen of injured vessels and release vasoconstriction(constrict blood vessels)

Question 19

What is the function of calcium?

Answer 19

clotting factor that signal platelets to aggregate

Question 20

What are the granulocytes and function?

Answer 20

Neutrophils - first respondants to injury. phagocytotic cells that destroy microorganisms. they are the main components of pus

eosonophils - phagocytotic cells that have inflammatory and immune responses

Basophils- release anticoagulants and important hypersensitivity reactions (histamine)

Question 21

What are the agraulocytes and their function?

Answer 21

Lymphocytes- vital to the immune system

Monocytes- also called phagocytes and macrophages(mature monocytes outside the circulatory system) phagocytose large particles.

Question 22

What is the hematocrit?

Answer 22

mesurment of volume of red blood cells in blood.

45% in adults

Question 23

What is Hemoglobin?

Answer 23

It gives blood cells that red color. it is made up of heme (that contains iron) and a globin protein.

in the lungs oxygen concentration is high and the oxygen binds to iron forming a bright red color. The complex is called oxyhemoglobin

the binding is cooperative and the dissociation curve is sigmoidial.

Question 24

Explain some characteristics of the Partial pressure curve of oxygen?

Answer 24

PO2 when at 50% is 27mmHg can either shift to the left or the right.

shift to the left decreased unloading

shift to the right increased unloading (high temp and lactic acid build up) exercise.

Hypercarbic( high CO2 and low pH) or high levels of organic phosphate

Question 25

Why is there a darker color of blood?

Answer 25

When the concentartion of O2 is low and CO2 is high. oxygen dissociates with Hb and binds to CO2 the complex is called caraminohemaglobin(deoxyhemaglobin)

myoglobin - transport oxygen across tissue. this the reason for the red color of tissue.

Question 26

How is the material exchange from capillaries to tissue in the capillaries?

Answer 26

Two main forces is diffusion and fitration. Osmotic preesure is hogh at the artery end of capillaries. pressure from the ventricles causes a hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure). when the blood pressure is is high as in the arteries interstital fluid flows out of the capillaries. when this pressure is low fluid flows into the capillaries.