The circulatory system Flashcards
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
Heart - pump
blood vessels - closed system of ducts
blood - flows through blood vessels and heart
What are some important functions of blood in the circulatory system?
-Transport
\*hormones from endocrine
* Components of the immune system
\*nutrients from digestive tract \*oxygen from respiratory system
* waste from cells to excretory and respiratory
-temp. control (thermoregulation)
\*distributing heat from skeletal muscle \*directed to or away from skins to conserve or release heat
Describe the systemic circulation.
deoxgygenated blood returning from all systems in the body (excluding lungs) follows this path:
INFERIOR and SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
RiGHT ATRIUM- through the tricuspid valve
RIGHT VENTRICLE - through pulmonary valve
SEMILUNAR valves and PULMONARY ARTERIES - to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Describe the Pulmonary circulation.
blood is oxygenated in the lungs:
PULMONARY VEINS - returns oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
LEFT ATRIUM
MATRIAL (bicuspid valve)
LEFT VENTRICLE
AORTA AND AORTIC VALVES(coronary arteries)
oxygenated blood is returned to the body systems
aorta -arteries- aterioles- capallaries - deoxygenated - venules-veins - back to systemic system
What is the bicuspid valve?
a two leaflet shape valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle.
it is also called the Mitral valve
malfuction of this valve can cause heart mumurs.
What is the tricuspid valve?
a three leaflet valve between the right ventricle and right atrium that prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle.
Malfunction of this valve causes heart murmurs.
decribe the makeup of the blood vessels.
arteries have smooth muscular walls- handle high pressure
veins thinner walls- handle lower pressure
both are composed of:
Adventitia - outer layer
intima - inner layer
media- middle layer
Capillary- smallest of the blood vessels. Form capilary beds where gas and waste exchange by diffusion.
explain blood pressure in terms of systolic and diastolic.
blood pressure is the force exerted by the inner walls of blood pressure. measured in systolic/diastolic. it is usually measured in the brachial artery of the arm.
systolic - maximal artery pressure (when the ventricles contract)
diastolic - minimal pressure (when the ventricles relax)
ex. 120/80
systolic - 120mmHg, diastolic-80mmHg
What is the pulse pressure?
systolic - diastolic
120 -80 = 40
What is peripheral resistance?
Aterioles and capillaries that resist the flow of blood from arteries to veins. Narrower the vessel the higher the resistance .
the higher the peripheral resistance the higher blood pressure.
what is the composition of blood?
55% plasma
45% formed elements
What is the composition of plasma?
92% water
electrolytes
Albumin
Globulins
fibronogen
What is Albumin?
a plasma protein. Important for maintaining osmotic pressure and transport of substances in the blood
what are globulins?
a plasma protein. made up of transport proteins and antibody proteins
What is Fibrinogen?
a plasma protein that polymerizes to form fibrin.
fibrin is a clotting factor of the blood.
take away fibrinogen you are left with serum.
What are the formed elements in blood and where are they produced?
they are produced in the bone marrow and are made of
red blood cells
platelets
Calcium
white blood cells (leukocytes) -Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Primary function of red blood cells?
Biconcave cells that transport CO2 and O2
What are and the function of platlets ?
They are large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.
they function in blood clotting. they adhere to the colagen of injured vessels and release vasoconstriction(constrict blood vessels)
What is the function of calcium?
clotting factor that signal platelets to aggregate
What are the granulocytes and function?
Neutrophils - first respondants to injury. phagocytotic cells that destroy microorganisms. they are the main components of pus
eosonophils - phagocytotic cells that have inflammatory and immune responses
Basophils- release anticoagulants and important hypersensitivity reactions (histamine)
What are the agraulocytes and their function?
Lymphocytes- vital to the immune system
Monocytes- also called phagocytes and macrophages(mature monocytes outside the circulatory system) phagocytose large particles.
What is the hematocrit?
mesurment of volume of red blood cells in blood.
45% in adults
What is Hemoglobin?
It gives blood cells that red color. it is made up of heme (that contains iron) and a globin protein.
in the lungs oxygen concentration is high and the oxygen binds to iron forming a bright red color. The complex is called oxyhemoglobin
the binding is cooperative and the dissociation curve is sigmoidial.
Explain some characteristics of the Partial pressure curve of oxygen?
PO2 when at 50% is 27mmHg can either shift to the left or the right.
shift to the left decreased unloading
shift to the right increased unloading (high temp and lactic acid build up) exercise.
Hypercarbic( high CO2 and low pH) or high levels of organic phosphate
Why is there a darker color of blood?
When the concentartion of O2 is low and CO2 is high. oxygen dissociates with Hb and binds to CO2 the complex is called caraminohemaglobin(deoxyhemaglobin)
myoglobin - transport oxygen across tissue. this the reason for the red color of tissue.
How is the material exchange from capillaries to tissue in the capillaries?
Two main forces is diffusion and fitration. Osmotic preesure is hogh at the artery end of capillaries. pressure from the ventricles causes a hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure). when the blood pressure is is high as in the arteries interstital fluid flows out of the capillaries. when this pressure is low fluid flows into the capillaries.
