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Pathophysiology > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

components of endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes

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2
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland size of a pea at the base of the brain; divided into anterior and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

hormones stimulated by hypothalamus

A

ADH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin), oxytocin, PRH, PIH (dopamine), TRH

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4
Q

hormones stimulated by anterior pituitary gland

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, gonadotropins (FSH and LH), prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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5
Q

hormones stimulated by posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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6
Q

ADH hormone function

A

stimulates water reabsorption by nephrons of kidney

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7
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to stimulate adrenal glands to release corticosteroids

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8
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

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9
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH)

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10
Q

growth hormone inhibiting hormone; somatostatin

A

inhibits release of GH

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates breast to release milk and uterine contraction during birth

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12
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to stimulate prolactin production postpartum

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13
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone; dopamine

A

inhibits release of prolactin

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14
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

stimulates release of TSH

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15
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates cell growth and fat breakdown; primarily targets muscle and bone where GH stim. amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

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16
Q

TSH

A

stimulates release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by thyroid

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex (especially glucocorticoids)

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18
Q

gonadotropins: FSH and LH

A

stimulate gamete production and hormone production by gonads

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19
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production by breast postpartum

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20
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair; causes pigment sot be darker and protect against UV

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21
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine functions; produces insulin and glucagon; endocrine functions carried out by 1 million islets of langerhans cells

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22
Q

thyroid

A

produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrocalcitonin

23
Q

parathyroid gland

A

typically 4 glands on posterior thyroid that secrete PTH to regulate calcium levels (increases)

24
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of each kidney; consist of medulla, cortex, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids

25
Q

medulla function

A

produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

26
Q

cortex function

A

outer portion that produces steroids

27
Q

mineralocorticoid function

A

primarily aldosterone

28
Q

glucocorticoids function

A

primarily cortisol; increase serum glucose

29
Q

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

A

technique used to measure minute quantities of hormones in blood; uses radiolabeled hormones and antibodies

30
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

determines amount of circulating hormone level; cheaper and easier than RIA; use enzyme-labeled hormone

31
Q

Bioassay

A

use graded doses of hormone in reference preparation and used to compare against results of unknown sample

32
Q

age-related findings associated with endocrine

A

altered biologic activity if hormones, altered levels of circulating hormones, altered secretory response of endocrine glands, altered metabolism of hormones, loss of circadian control of hormone levels. effects of oxidative stress and inflammation

33
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

pituitary gland secretes excessive amounts of one or all pituitary hormones; likely caused by tumors secreting hormones or hormone-like substances

34
Q

hyperpituitarism can cause

A

gigantism, acromegaly, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, hyperprolactinemia, cushings syndrome, hyperthyroidism

35
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary gland does not produce sufficient amounts of some or all hormones

36
Q

hypopituitarism can cause

A

dwarfism, diabetes insipidus

37
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

excessive fluid excretion in kidneys caused by deficient ADH levels

38
Q

goiter

A

visible enlargement of thyroid gland; usually painless but can effect respiratory and GI systems

39
Q

hypothyroidism

A

thyroid does not produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones; can be autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) or iatrogenic

40
Q

hyperthyroidsm

A

excessive levels of thyroid hormones causing hypermetabolic state

41
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

fatigue, sluggishness, cold sensitivity, constipations, pale/dry skin, facial edema, hoarseness, weight gain, myalgia, bradycardia, hypotension

42
Q

myxedema

A

rare life-threatening advanced hypothyroidism; causes hypotension, resp. depress., hypothermia, lethargy, coma

43
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

sudden weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension, increased appetite, anxiety attacks, tremor (fine tremor in hands), diaphoresis, heat sensitivity, difficulty sleeping

44
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

aka thyroid storm; medical emergency defined as sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that can occur with stress or infection

45
Q

thyrotoxicosis symptoms

A

fever, decreased mental alertness, abdominal pain

46
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroid gland does not produce sufficient amounts of PTH

47
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive production of PTH

48
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

A

total body water is retained as result of ADH levels; causes hyponatremia; Na <135 mEq/L, hypo-osmolality <280 mOsm/kg, urine hyperosmolarity > 100 Osm/kg

49
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare tumor of adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; can be life-threatening; rarely malignant

50
Q

cushing syndrome

A

excessive amounts of glucocorticoids; signs are moon face (fatty), buffalo hump, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, etc.

51
Q

addison disease

A

deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones; causes hypotension, hypoglycemia, changes in HR, salt craving, etc.

52
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

cluster of risk factors occurring together; hyperglycemia, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, increased waist circumference; not form of diabetes but increases risk of CV disease, stroke, diabetes

53
Q

gigantism

A

result of excess GH and IGF-1 that causes excess skeletal growth before epiphyseal plate closure; growth is rapid and affects body stature causing rapid increase in height without weight gain

54
Q

acromegaly

A

onset around 40-59 years; slow insidious growth; growth plates already closed so growth effects of GH and IGF-1 occur in soft tissue, connective tissue, organs, bone, joints, metabolic changes

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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