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The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

components of endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes

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2
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland size of a pea at the base of the brain; divided into anterior and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

hormones stimulated by hypothalamus

A

ADH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin), oxytocin, PRH, PIH (dopamine), TRH

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4
Q

hormones stimulated by anterior pituitary gland

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, gonadotropins (FSH and LH), prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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5
Q

hormones stimulated by posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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6
Q

ADH hormone function

A

stimulates water reabsorption by nephrons of kidney

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7
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to stimulate adrenal glands to release corticosteroids

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8
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

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9
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH)

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10
Q

growth hormone inhibiting hormone; somatostatin

A

inhibits release of GH

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates breast to release milk and uterine contraction during birth

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12
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

signals anterior pituitary gland to stimulate prolactin production postpartum

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13
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone; dopamine

A

inhibits release of prolactin

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14
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

stimulates release of TSH

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15
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates cell growth and fat breakdown; primarily targets muscle and bone where GH stim. amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

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16
Q

TSH

A

stimulates release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by thyroid

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex (especially glucocorticoids)

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18
Q

gonadotropins: FSH and LH

A

stimulate gamete production and hormone production by gonads

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19
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production by breast postpartum

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20
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair; causes pigment sot be darker and protect against UV

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21
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine functions; produces insulin and glucagon; endocrine functions carried out by 1 million islets of langerhans cells

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22
Q

thyroid

A

produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrocalcitonin

23
Q

parathyroid gland

A

typically 4 glands on posterior thyroid that secrete PTH to regulate calcium levels (increases)

24
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of each kidney; consist of medulla, cortex, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids

25
medulla function
produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
26
cortex function
outer portion that produces steroids
27
mineralocorticoid function
primarily aldosterone
28
glucocorticoids function
primarily cortisol; increase serum glucose
29
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
technique used to measure minute quantities of hormones in blood; uses radiolabeled hormones and antibodies
30
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
determines amount of circulating hormone level; cheaper and easier than RIA; use enzyme-labeled hormone
31
Bioassay
use graded doses of hormone in reference preparation and used to compare against results of unknown sample
32
age-related findings associated with endocrine
altered biologic activity if hormones, altered levels of circulating hormones, altered secretory response of endocrine glands, altered metabolism of hormones, loss of circadian control of hormone levels. effects of oxidative stress and inflammation
33
hyperpituitarism
pituitary gland secretes excessive amounts of one or all pituitary hormones; likely caused by tumors secreting hormones or hormone-like substances
34
hyperpituitarism can cause
gigantism, acromegaly, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, hyperprolactinemia, cushings syndrome, hyperthyroidism
35
hypopituitarism
pituitary gland does not produce sufficient amounts of some or all hormones
36
hypopituitarism can cause
dwarfism, diabetes insipidus
37
diabetes insipidus
excessive fluid excretion in kidneys caused by deficient ADH levels
38
goiter
visible enlargement of thyroid gland; usually painless but can effect respiratory and GI systems
39
hypothyroidism
thyroid does not produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones; can be autoimmune (Hashimoto's) or iatrogenic
40
hyperthyroidsm
excessive levels of thyroid hormones causing hypermetabolic state
41
hypothyroidism symptoms
fatigue, sluggishness, cold sensitivity, constipations, pale/dry skin, facial edema, hoarseness, weight gain, myalgia, bradycardia, hypotension
42
myxedema
rare life-threatening advanced hypothyroidism; causes hypotension, resp. depress., hypothermia, lethargy, coma
43
hyperthyroidism symptoms
sudden weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension, increased appetite, anxiety attacks, tremor (fine tremor in hands), diaphoresis, heat sensitivity, difficulty sleeping
44
thyrotoxicosis
aka thyroid storm; medical emergency defined as sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that can occur with stress or infection
45
thyrotoxicosis symptoms
fever, decreased mental alertness, abdominal pain
46
hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid gland does not produce sufficient amounts of PTH
47
hyperparathyroidism
excessive production of PTH
48
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
total body water is retained as result of ADH levels; causes hyponatremia; Na <135 mEq/L, hypo-osmolality <280 mOsm/kg, urine hyperosmolarity > 100 Osm/kg
49
pheochromocytoma
rare tumor of adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; can be life-threatening; rarely malignant
50
cushing syndrome
excessive amounts of glucocorticoids; signs are moon face (fatty), buffalo hump, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, etc.
51
addison disease
deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones; causes hypotension, hypoglycemia, changes in HR, salt craving, etc.
52
metabolic syndrome
cluster of risk factors occurring together; hyperglycemia, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, increased waist circumference; not form of diabetes but increases risk of CV disease, stroke, diabetes
53
gigantism
result of excess GH and IGF-1 that causes excess skeletal growth before epiphyseal plate closure; growth is rapid and affects body stature causing rapid increase in height without weight gain
54
acromegaly
onset around 40-59 years; slow insidious growth; growth plates already closed so growth effects of GH and IGF-1 occur in soft tissue, connective tissue, organs, bone, joints, metabolic changes

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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