Pulmonary System

Question 1

Nasal Cavity Function

Answer 1

Filters, warms, and moistens air; transports air to pharynx

Question 2

oral cavity function

Answer 2

transport air to pharynx; warms and moistens air; helps produce sound

Question 3

sinuses function

Answer 3

produces mucus; warm and moisten air

Question 4

pharynx function

Answer 4

transports air to larynx

Question 5

epiglottis function

Answer 5

covers opening of trachea during swallowing

Question 6

larynx function

Answer 6

produces sounds; transports air to trachea; helps filter incoming air; warms and moistens air

Question 7

trachea/bronchi

Answer 7

warm and moisten air; transport air to lungs; filter incoming air

Question 8

bronchioles function

Answer 8

control air flow in the lungs; transport air to alveoli

Question 9

alveoli

Answer 9

provide area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 10

COPD

Answer 10

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; irreversible progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction; elasticity loss in alveoli

Question 11

2 main conditions of COPD

Answer 11

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Question 12

chronic bronchitis

Answer 12

productive cough lasting at least 3 months recurring at least 2 consecutive years

Question 13

chronic bronchitis symptoms

Answer 13

inflammation of bronchi, productive cough, excess mucus, fever, chest pain, malaise, wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, hypoxemia (polycythemia)

Question 14

chronic bronchitis diagnosis

Answer 14

cough for 3 months for last 2 years; P.E., X-ray (PA and lateral), PFT, ABG, CBC

Question 15

Emphysema

Answer 15

alveoli (air sacs) are damaged causing SOB; cant exchange gas appropriately

Question 16

emphysema symptoms

Answer 16

oxygen driven breathing, permanently inflated alveoli, dyspnea upon exertion, wheezing, tachypnea, activity intolerance, malaise, anorexia, diminished breath sounds, increased AP diameter

Question 17

emphysema diagnosis

Answer 17

cough for 3 months for last 2 years; P.E., X-ray (PA and lateral), PFT, ABG, CBC

Question 18

asthma

Answer 18

obstructive pulmonary disease with chronic airway inflammation resulting in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction from triggers

Question 19

types of asthma

Answer 19

extrinsic, intrinsic, nocturnal, exercise-induced, occupational, drug-induced

Question 20

stages of asthmas attack

Answer 20

stage 1 (15-30 min) bronchospasms and coughing (inflammatory mediators involved leukotrienes, histamine, interleukins; stage 2 (within 6 hours) airway edema, mucus production, air trapping, bronchospasm, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation all cause narrowing of airway; status asthmaticus

Question 21

status asthmaticus

Answer 21

often fatal, prolonged asthma attach that does not respond to usual treatment; can lead to resp. alkalosis and failure

Question 22

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 22

mouth, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx

Question 23

lower respiratory tract

Answer 23

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Question 24

epiglottitis

Answer 24

potentially life-threatening condition in which tissue that protects trachea is inflamed (shown as thumbprint on X-ray)

Question 25

croup

Answer 25

common viral infection in children where larynx and surrounding area swell leading to narrowing, obstruction and respiratory failure

Question 26

pneumonia

Answer 26

infection inflaming air sacs in one or both lungs; can be caused by virus or bacteria; bacteria is more severe

Question 27

aspiration pneumonia

Answer 27

pneumonia acquired from aspirated fluid entering lungs; happens in those with difficulties swallowing or those with impaired gag reflex

Question 28

tuberculosis

Answer 28

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; can be dormant; mostly found in lungs; airborne

Question 29

cystic fibrosis

Answer 29

autosomal recessive chromosomal abnormality (chromosome 7) that results in severe lung damage and nutritional deficiencies; secretions become thick and tenacious subjecting pt to severe and continuous infections

Question 30

obstructive pathologies

Answer 30

characterized by difficulty exhaling like in asthma

Question 31

restrictive pathologies

Answer 31

characterized by difficulty inhaling like in atelectasis

Question 32

atelectasis

Answer 32

incomplete expansion or collapse of alveoli allowing gas exchange at alveolar level

Question 33

reasons for atelectasis

Answer 33

surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction, compression of lung tissue, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis

Question 34

common cancers that metastasize to lung

Answer 34

bladder, breast, and colon

Question 35

pleural effusion

Answer 35

excessive accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity; usually 20cc's of lymphatic fluid lubricating lungs

Question 36

pleural effusion manifestations

Answer 36

dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, TD, absent/decreased lung sounds, dullness over affected area, tachycardia, pleural friction rub

Question 37

pleural effusion treatment

Answer 37

thoracentesis, chest drainage tube, or antibiotics

Question 38

treatment for chronic bronchitis

Answer 38

O2, bronchodilator, corticosteroids, antibiotics, postural drainage, chest PT, increase hydration

Question 39

treatment for emphysema

Answer 39

O2, bronchodilator, corticosteroids, antibiotics, postural drainage, chest PT, increase hydration, pursed lip breathing

Question 40

characterizations of asthma

Answer 40

bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchial edema, mucus production

Question 41

methacholine challenge test

Answer 41

bronchoprovocation to see how reactive/responsive lungs are

Question 42

upper respiratory tract infections

Answer 42

viral rhinitis, rhinovirus, inflammation in sinus cavities, epiglottitis, laryngitis, croup, influenza

Question 43

what % of upper respiratory tract infections are due to bacteria

Answer 43

25%

Question 44

viral pneumonia characteristics

Answer 44

nonproductive cough, low grade fever, normal WBC, minimal X-ray changes, less severe, no antibiotics

Question 45

bacterial pneumonia characteristics

Answer 45

productive cough, high fever, elevated WBC, infiltrated x-ray, more severe, antbiotics available

Question 46

legionnaires

Answer 46

caused by bacteria legionella pneumophilia; lives in warm moist environments like air conditioning and spas

Question 47

TB symptoms

Answer 47

local inflammatory response, can travel in lymph, productive cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, fever, chills, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia

Question 48

TB diagnosis

Answer 48

mantoux skin test, chest X-ray, CT scan, sputum culture

Question 49

TB treatment

Answer 49

combo therapy for atleast 6 months, bacille calmette-guerin vaccine, good ventilation, isolation

Question 50

CF cause

Answer 50

chloride transport is essentially non-existent because CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein located on surface of cells in sweat duct is defective; high chloride in sweat can be indicative of CF

Question 51

CF symptoms

Answer 51

mac ileus (abd dist.), salty skin, steatorrhea (fatty stool), fat soluble vitamin deficiency, chronic cough, hypoxia, fatigue activity intolerance, rhonchi, delayed growth and development

Question 52

CF diagnosis

Answer 52

sweat test, stool analysis, chest x-ray, PFTs, ABG

Question 53

Complications of CF

Answer 53

atelectasis, recurrent resp. infect., cor pulmonale, resp. fail, malabsorption/malnutrition (edema and fatigue), electrolyte imbalance, sterility/infertility in males

Question 54

CF treatment

Answer 54

high protein low fat diet, chest PT, coughing exercises, humidified air, bronchodilator, regular moderate exercise, supplemental O2, pancreatic enzyme replacement,