Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal Cavity Function

A

Filters, warms, and moistens air; transports air to pharynx

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2
Q

oral cavity function

A

transport air to pharynx; warms and moistens air; helps produce sound

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3
Q

sinuses function

A

produces mucus; warm and moisten air

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4
Q

pharynx function

A

transports air to larynx

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5
Q

epiglottis function

A

covers opening of trachea during swallowing

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6
Q

larynx function

A

produces sounds; transports air to trachea; helps filter incoming air; warms and moistens air

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7
Q

trachea/bronchi

A

warm and moisten air; transport air to lungs; filter incoming air

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8
Q

bronchioles function

A

control air flow in the lungs; transport air to alveoli

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9
Q

alveoli

A

provide area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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10
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; irreversible progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction; elasticity loss in alveoli

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11
Q

2 main conditions of COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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12
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

productive cough lasting at least 3 months recurring at least 2 consecutive years

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13
Q

chronic bronchitis symptoms

A

inflammation of bronchi, productive cough, excess mucus, fever, chest pain, malaise, wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, hypoxemia (polycythemia)

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14
Q

chronic bronchitis diagnosis

A

cough for 3 months for last 2 years; P.E., X-ray (PA and lateral), PFT, ABG, CBC

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15
Q

Emphysema

A

alveoli (air sacs) are damaged causing SOB; cant exchange gas appropriately

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16
Q

emphysema symptoms

A

oxygen driven breathing, permanently inflated alveoli, dyspnea upon exertion, wheezing, tachypnea, activity intolerance, malaise, anorexia, diminished breath sounds, increased AP diameter

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17
Q

emphysema diagnosis

A

cough for 3 months for last 2 years; P.E., X-ray (PA and lateral), PFT, ABG, CBC

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18
Q

asthma

A

obstructive pulmonary disease with chronic airway inflammation resulting in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction from triggers

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19
Q

types of asthma

A

extrinsic, intrinsic, nocturnal, exercise-induced, occupational, drug-induced

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20
Q

stages of asthmas attack

A

stage 1 (15-30 min) bronchospasms and coughing (inflammatory mediators involved leukotrienes, histamine, interleukins; stage 2 (within 6 hours) airway edema, mucus production, air trapping, bronchospasm, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation all cause narrowing of airway; status asthmaticus

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21
Q

status asthmaticus

A

often fatal, prolonged asthma attach that does not respond to usual treatment; can lead to resp. alkalosis and failure

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22
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

mouth, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx

23
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

24
Q

epiglottitis

A

potentially life-threatening condition in which tissue that protects trachea is inflamed (shown as thumbprint on X-ray)

25
Q

croup

A

common viral infection in children where larynx and surrounding area swell leading to narrowing, obstruction and respiratory failure

26
Q

pneumonia

A

infection inflaming air sacs in one or both lungs; can be caused by virus or bacteria; bacteria is more severe

27
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

pneumonia acquired from aspirated fluid entering lungs; happens in those with difficulties swallowing or those with impaired gag reflex

28
Q

tuberculosis

A

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; can be dormant; mostly found in lungs; airborne

29
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive chromosomal abnormality (chromosome 7) that results in severe lung damage and nutritional deficiencies; secretions become thick and tenacious subjecting pt to severe and continuous infections

30
Q

obstructive pathologies

A

characterized by difficulty exhaling like in asthma

31
Q

restrictive pathologies

A

characterized by difficulty inhaling like in atelectasis

32
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion or collapse of alveoli allowing gas exchange at alveolar level

33
Q

reasons for atelectasis

A

surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction, compression of lung tissue, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis

34
Q

common cancers that metastasize to lung

A

bladder, breast, and colon

35
Q

pleural effusion

A

excessive accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity; usually 20cc’s of lymphatic fluid lubricating lungs

36
Q

pleural effusion manifestations

A

dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, TD, absent/decreased lung sounds, dullness over affected area, tachycardia, pleural friction rub

37
Q

pleural effusion treatment

A

thoracentesis, chest drainage tube, or antibiotics

38
Q

treatment for chronic bronchitis

A

O2, bronchodilator, corticosteroids, antibiotics, postural drainage, chest PT, increase hydration

39
Q

treatment for emphysema

A

O2, bronchodilator, corticosteroids, antibiotics, postural drainage, chest PT, increase hydration, pursed lip breathing

40
Q

characterizations of asthma

A

bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchial edema, mucus production

41
Q

methacholine challenge test

A

bronchoprovocation to see how reactive/responsive lungs are

42
Q

upper respiratory tract infections

A

viral rhinitis, rhinovirus, inflammation in sinus cavities, epiglottitis, laryngitis, croup, influenza

43
Q

what % of upper respiratory tract infections are due to bacteria

A

25%

44
Q

viral pneumonia characteristics

A

nonproductive cough, low grade fever, normal WBC, minimal X-ray changes, less severe, no antibiotics

45
Q

bacterial pneumonia characteristics

A

productive cough, high fever, elevated WBC, infiltrated x-ray, more severe, antbiotics available

46
Q

legionnaires

A

caused by bacteria legionella pneumophilia; lives in warm moist environments like air conditioning and spas

47
Q

TB symptoms

A

local inflammatory response, can travel in lymph, productive cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, fever, chills, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia

48
Q

TB diagnosis

A

mantoux skin test, chest X-ray, CT scan, sputum culture

49
Q

TB treatment

A

combo therapy for atleast 6 months, bacille calmette-guerin vaccine, good ventilation, isolation

50
Q

CF cause

A

chloride transport is essentially non-existent because CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein located on surface of cells in sweat duct is defective; high chloride in sweat can be indicative of CF

51
Q

CF symptoms

A

mac ileus (abd dist.), salty skin, steatorrhea (fatty stool), fat soluble vitamin deficiency, chronic cough, hypoxia, fatigue activity intolerance, rhonchi, delayed growth and development

52
Q

CF diagnosis

A

sweat test, stool analysis, chest x-ray, PFTs, ABG

53
Q

Complications of CF

A

atelectasis, recurrent resp. infect., cor pulmonale, resp. fail, malabsorption/malnutrition (edema and fatigue), electrolyte imbalance, sterility/infertility in males

54
Q

CF treatment

A

high protein low fat diet, chest PT, coughing exercises, humidified air, bronchodilator, regular moderate exercise, supplemental O2, pancreatic enzyme replacement,