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Pathophysiology > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

2 main acid-base regulatory systems

A

respiratory system and renal system

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2
Q

respiratory system

A

manages pH by altering CO2 excretion; speeding up respirations or increasing depth results in excreting more CO2 which decreases acidity; slowing down respirations results in excreting less CO2 which results in increased acidity

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3
Q

respiratory system monitor

A

chemoreceptors

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4
Q

is respiratory system acid-base regulation long or short

A

responds quickly, is short lived, but pt will tire easily requiring supplemental oxygenation or ventilator

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5
Q

renal system

A

alters excretion/retention of hydrogen/bicarbonate; much more effective than respiratory system d/t removing H+ permanently

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6
Q

renal system acid-base regulator short or long

A

responds the slowest but lasts the longest

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7
Q

buffers

A

chemicals that combine to acid or base to change pH; provide immediate reactions until compensation is initiated

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8
Q

four major buffer mechanisms

A

bicarbonate-carbonic acid system, phosphate system, hemoglobin system, protein system

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9
Q

if problem causing pH imbalance originates in lungs…

A

kidneys initiate compensation

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10
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

deficiency of bicarbonate or excess of hydrogen

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11
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

excess bicarbonate and deficiency of hydrogen or both

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12
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

CO2 retention increases carbonic acid

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13
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation, decreased gas exchange, acute asthma, COPD, airway obstructions, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, overdose, respiratory failure, CNS depression

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14
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation, breathing off excessive CO2

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15
Q

causes for Acid-Base Disorders-mixed

A

pulmonary edema, aspirin overdose/intoxication, fever, vomiting

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16
Q

components of ABG

A

pH, PaCO2, HCO3, PaO@

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17
Q

pH

A

serum hydrogen concentration; indicates acid-base status

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18
Q

PaCO2

A

partial pressure of CO2; indicates adequacy of pulmonary ventilation

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19
Q

HCO3

A

bicarbonate; indicates kidney activity retaining or excreting bicarbonate

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20
Q

PaO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen; indicates serum oxygen concentration

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21
Q

Acid-Base diagnostic 1st step

A

is pH acidic, basic, or normal

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22
Q

Acid-Base diagnostic step 2

A

Is PaCO2 acidic, basic, normal

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23
Q

Acid-base diagnostic step 3

A

is HCO3 acidic, basic, normal

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24
Q

acid-base diagnostic step 4

A

look for patterns: 2 A’s = acidosis, 2 B’s = alkalosis; if one of A’s or B’s is CO2 = resp. disorder; if one of A’s or B’s is HCO3 = met. disorder; 3 A’s or 3 B’s indicate mixed disorder

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25
Q

acid-base diagnostic step 5

A

determine compensation

26
Q

uncompensated

A

unpaired result is within normal ranges

27
Q

partially compensated

A

unpaired result is opposite letter of pairs but pH is abnormal

28
Q

fully compensated

A

unpaired result is opposite letter and pH has returned to normal range

29
Q

Sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L: most significant cation and electrolyte of ECF; plays role in acid-base balance; excreted through kidneys and GI; facilitates muscle and nerve impulses

30
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5 mEq/L: primary intracellular cation; plays role in electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and metabolism; excreted through kidney and GI

31
Q

Chloride

A

98-108 mEq/L: mineral electrolyte and major ECF anion; found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and CSF; role in acid-base balance; excreted through kidneys

32
Q

Calcium

A

4-5 mEq/L or 8.8-10.3 mg/dL; found in bone/teeth; role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor funct., nerve transmission, muscle contract.; inverse relationship w/ phosphorus; excreted in urine and stool

33
Q

Magnesium

A

1.8-2.4 mEq/L: ICF cation; stored in bone and muscle; role in muscle/nerve function, cardiac rhythm, immune function, bone strength, BGL management, BP, energy metabolism, protein synthesis; excreted through kidneys

34
Q

Phosphorus

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL: found in bones (small amount in bloodstream), role in bone and tooth mineralization, cellular metabolism, acid-base balance, cell membrane formation; excreted through kidneys

35
Q

Tonicity

A

osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by semipermeable membrane

36
Q

isotonic

A

equal solute concentrations; no fluid shifts

37
Q

hypotonic

A

lower solute concentrations; causes fluid to shift out

38
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift in

39
Q

osmolarity

A

measure of solute concentration

40
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across semipermeable membrane (water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration)

41
Q

ADH

A

promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys

42
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases reabsorption of sodium and water in kidneys

43
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

stimulates vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, increasing urinary output

44
Q

electrolyte responsible for controlling/maintaining homeostasis and osmotic balance of ECF

A

sodium

45
Q

pH range

A

7.35-7.45

46
Q

PaO2

A

95-100 mmHg

47
Q

PaCO2

A

35-45 mmHg

48
Q

HCO3

A

22-26 mEq/L

49
Q

Bases excess

A

-2.4 - 2.5 mEq/L

50
Q

Arterial O2

A

96-98%

51
Q

hypernatremia causes

A

excessive sodium, deficient water

52
Q

hyponatremia causes

A

deficient sodium, excessive water

53
Q

hyperkalemia causes

A

deficient excretion, renal failure, addisons’s disease, certain meds, gordons syndrome, excessive K intake, increased K release from cells

54
Q

hypokalemia causes

A

excessive loss (vomiting, diarrhea, fistula, diuretics), deficient intake, increased shifts into cells d/t alkalosis and insulin excess

55
Q

cause for increased K from cells

A

acidosis, blood transfusions (RBCs bursting), burns, cellular injury

56
Q

hyperkalemia symptoms

A

parasthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, EKG changes, arrest, resp. depression, abd cramp, nausea, diarrhea

57
Q

hypercalcemia increased intake

A

d/t calcium antacids, calcium supplements, cancer, immobilization, corticosteroids, Vit. D deficiency, hypophosphatemia

58
Q

hypercalcemia decreased excretion

A

renal failure, thiazide diuretics, hyperparathyroidism

59
Q

hypercalcemia symptoms

A

dysrhythmias, EKG changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, , renal calculi

60
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

excessive loss, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, alkalosis, pancreatitis, laxatives, diarrhea, meds, deficient intake

61
Q

excessive fluid

A

ADH increases water reabsorption, edema and fluid seeps into lungs; use of diuretics to fix issue

62
Q

fluid defecit

A

weight loss, dizziness; increase fluid intake t solve problem

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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