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Pathophysiology > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

2 main acid-base regulatory systems

A

respiratory system and renal system

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2
Q

respiratory system

A

manages pH by altering CO2 excretion; speeding up respirations or increasing depth results in excreting more CO2 which decreases acidity; slowing down respirations results in excreting less CO2 which results in increased acidity

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3
Q

respiratory system monitor

A

chemoreceptors

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4
Q

is respiratory system acid-base regulation long or short

A

responds quickly, is short lived, but pt will tire easily requiring supplemental oxygenation or ventilator

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5
Q

renal system

A

alters excretion/retention of hydrogen/bicarbonate; much more effective than respiratory system d/t removing H+ permanently

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6
Q

renal system acid-base regulator short or long

A

responds the slowest but lasts the longest

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7
Q

buffers

A

chemicals that combine to acid or base to change pH; provide immediate reactions until compensation is initiated

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8
Q

four major buffer mechanisms

A

bicarbonate-carbonic acid system, phosphate system, hemoglobin system, protein system

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9
Q

if problem causing pH imbalance originates in lungs…

A

kidneys initiate compensation

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10
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

deficiency of bicarbonate or excess of hydrogen

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11
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

excess bicarbonate and deficiency of hydrogen or both

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12
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

CO2 retention increases carbonic acid

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13
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation, decreased gas exchange, acute asthma, COPD, airway obstructions, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, overdose, respiratory failure, CNS depression

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14
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation, breathing off excessive CO2

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15
Q

causes for Acid-Base Disorders-mixed

A

pulmonary edema, aspirin overdose/intoxication, fever, vomiting

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16
Q

components of ABG

A

pH, PaCO2, HCO3, PaO@

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17
Q

pH

A

serum hydrogen concentration; indicates acid-base status

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18
Q

PaCO2

A

partial pressure of CO2; indicates adequacy of pulmonary ventilation

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19
Q

HCO3

A

bicarbonate; indicates kidney activity retaining or excreting bicarbonate

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20
Q

PaO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen; indicates serum oxygen concentration

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21
Q

Acid-Base diagnostic 1st step

A

is pH acidic, basic, or normal

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22
Q

Acid-Base diagnostic step 2

A

Is PaCO2 acidic, basic, normal

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23
Q

Acid-base diagnostic step 3

A

is HCO3 acidic, basic, normal

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24
Q

acid-base diagnostic step 4

A

look for patterns: 2 A’s = acidosis, 2 B’s = alkalosis; if one of A’s or B’s is CO2 = resp. disorder; if one of A’s or B’s is HCO3 = met. disorder; 3 A’s or 3 B’s indicate mixed disorder

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25
acid-base diagnostic step 5
determine compensation
26
uncompensated
unpaired result is within normal ranges
27
partially compensated
unpaired result is opposite letter of pairs but pH is abnormal
28
fully compensated
unpaired result is opposite letter and pH has returned to normal range
29
Sodium
135-145 mEq/L: most significant cation and electrolyte of ECF; plays role in acid-base balance; excreted through kidneys and GI; facilitates muscle and nerve impulses
30
Potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L: primary intracellular cation; plays role in electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and metabolism; excreted through kidney and GI
31
Chloride
98-108 mEq/L: mineral electrolyte and major ECF anion; found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and CSF; role in acid-base balance; excreted through kidneys
32
Calcium
4-5 mEq/L or 8.8-10.3 mg/dL; found in bone/teeth; role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor funct., nerve transmission, muscle contract.; inverse relationship w/ phosphorus; excreted in urine and stool
33
Magnesium
1.8-2.4 mEq/L: ICF cation; stored in bone and muscle; role in muscle/nerve function, cardiac rhythm, immune function, bone strength, BGL management, BP, energy metabolism, protein synthesis; excreted through kidneys
34
Phosphorus
2.5-4.5 mg/dL: found in bones (small amount in bloodstream), role in bone and tooth mineralization, cellular metabolism, acid-base balance, cell membrane formation; excreted through kidneys
35
Tonicity
osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by semipermeable membrane
36
isotonic
equal solute concentrations; no fluid shifts
37
hypotonic
lower solute concentrations; causes fluid to shift out
38
hypertonic
higher solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift in
39
osmolarity
measure of solute concentration
40
osmosis
movement of water across semipermeable membrane (water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration)
41
ADH
promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys
42
Aldosterone
increases reabsorption of sodium and water in kidneys
43
atrial natriuretic peptide
stimulates vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, increasing urinary output
44
electrolyte responsible for controlling/maintaining homeostasis and osmotic balance of ECF
sodium
45
pH range
7.35-7.45
46
PaO2
95-100 mmHg
47
PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
48
HCO3
22-26 mEq/L
49
Bases excess
-2.4 - 2.5 mEq/L
50
Arterial O2
96-98%
51
hypernatremia causes
excessive sodium, deficient water
52
hyponatremia causes
deficient sodium, excessive water
53
hyperkalemia causes
deficient excretion, renal failure, addisons's disease, certain meds, gordons syndrome, excessive K intake, increased K release from cells
54
hypokalemia causes
excessive loss (vomiting, diarrhea, fistula, diuretics), deficient intake, increased shifts into cells d/t alkalosis and insulin excess
55
cause for increased K from cells
acidosis, blood transfusions (RBCs bursting), burns, cellular injury
56
hyperkalemia symptoms
parasthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, EKG changes, arrest, resp. depression, abd cramp, nausea, diarrhea
57
hypercalcemia increased intake
d/t calcium antacids, calcium supplements, cancer, immobilization, corticosteroids, Vit. D deficiency, hypophosphatemia
58
hypercalcemia decreased excretion
renal failure, thiazide diuretics, hyperparathyroidism
59
hypercalcemia symptoms
dysrhythmias, EKG changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, , renal calculi
60
hypocalcemia causes
excessive loss, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, alkalosis, pancreatitis, laxatives, diarrhea, meds, deficient intake
61
excessive fluid
ADH increases water reabsorption, edema and fluid seeps into lungs; use of diuretics to fix issue
62
fluid defecit
weight loss, dizziness; increase fluid intake t solve problem

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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