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Pathophysiology > Neural System > Flashcards

Neural System Flashcards

1
Q

components of nervous systeme

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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2
Q

CNS components

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS components

A

nerves

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4
Q

cerebellum controls

A

higher thought processes

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5
Q

cerebral cortex 3 main functions (gray matter)

A

receiving sensory input, integrating sensory information, generating motor responses

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6
Q

white matter below gray matter consists of…

A

bundles of axons that transmit impulses from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord

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7
Q

frontal lobe function

A

facilitates voluntary motor activity; plays role in personality traits

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8
Q

parietal lobe funciton

A

receives and interprets sensory input (exception of smell, hearing, vision)

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9
Q

temporal lobe function

A

essential for hearing and memory

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10
Q

occipital lobe function

A

processes visual information

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outermost and toughest layer of meninges protecting spinal cord and brain

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12
Q

arachnoid layer

A

middle layer protecting brain and spinal cord; spider web-like vascular system

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13
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer protecting brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

CSF lies…

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

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15
Q

CSF function

A

cushion from injury and provide nutrients

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16
Q

axons

A

projections tat transmit impulses away from the cell body

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17
Q

dendrites

A

projections that transmit impulses toward cell body

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18
Q

terminal boutons

A

tiny bulges at end of axon that communicate with neurons, muscle fibers, or glands

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19
Q

myelin sheath

A

surrounds some axons and increases rate of impulse transmission

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20
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath

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21
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

sites of nutrient exchange where myelin is not present

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22
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated nerves

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23
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons

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24
Q

resting potential

A

charge at rest

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25
Q

action potential

A

ability to created this small ionic charge

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26
Q

thalamus

A

receives and relays most of sensory input, affects mood, initiates body movements; subthalamus helps in motor activities; epithalamus function is unclear

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27
Q

hypothalamus

A

most inferior portion of diencephalon and regulates many bodily functions

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28
Q

brainstem

A

connects brain to spinal cord; main passage for info traveling to and from brain; collaborates with hypothalamus to regulate vital activities; 10/12 nerves exit from brain stem

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29
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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30
Q

medulla

A

conduction pathway for ascending nerve tracts that coordinate HR, PVR, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

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31
Q

cerebellum

A

communicates with other portions of brain to move muscle, balance, and cognition

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32
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening in which spinal cord exits skull

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33
Q

spinal reflex arcs

A

impulses like pulling hand off of burning stove before brain has time to realize

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34
Q

ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

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35
Q

number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx

36
Q

sensory/afferent nerves

A

carry impulses from specific part of body to brain

37
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor nerves carry impulses from brin to muscle receptor to cause muscle contraction

38
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons in spinal cord

39
Q

plexus

A

several nerves intersect to form organized collaboration

40
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

41
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

42
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

43
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

44
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands; (HR, BP, intestinal motility)

45
Q

somatic nervous sytem

A

controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes, skin to CNS

46
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response; stimulates adrenergic receptors

47
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest; stimulates cholinergic receptors

48
Q

congenital neurological disorders

A

hydrocephalus, spina bifida, cerebral palsy

49
Q

hydrocephalus

A

CSF accumulates within skull; ventricles dilate causing brain and blood vessels to become compressed thinning cortex and causing damage

50
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube defect (most common) in which posterior spinous processes on vertebrae fail to fuse and allow meninges and spinal cord to herniate

51
Q

cerebral palsy

A

group of nonprogressive disorders that appear in infancy/early childhood and cause permanently affected motor movement and muscle coordination; usually damage to cerebellum during prenatal period

52
Q

infections of neurologic system

A

meningitis, encephalitis, zika virus

53
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges subarachnoid from infection (CSF can also become affected); can be self-limiting (viral) or life-threatening (acute bacterial)

54
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain and spinal cord from infection; inflammatory response causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, leukocyte inflammation

55
Q

zika virus

A

caused by flavivirus; typically mild, self-limiting illness with incubation of 3-12 days

56
Q

Traumatic neurologic disorders

A

traumatic brain injury, increased intracranial pressure, hematomas, spinal cord injuries

57
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

caused by sudden violent blow/jolt to the head or a penetrating head wound that disrupts normal brain function; can range from mild to severe and bruise, damage nerve fibers, or cause hemorrhage

58
Q

Increased intracranial pressure

A

increased volume in cranial cavity

59
Q

hematomas

A

collection of blood in the tissue that develops from ruptured blood vessels; leads to localized pressure on nearby tissue and increases ICP; bleeding can trigger vasospasms, worsening ischemia, and result in herniation

60
Q

spinal cord injuries

A

direct injury to spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels; direct damage occurs d/t pulling, pressing sideways, or compression of spinal cord

61
Q

cervical spinal cord injuries manifestations

A

can affect upper and lower extremities as well as breathing difficulties, loss of bowel/bladder control, paresthesia, sensory changes, spasticity, pain, weakness, paralysis, blood pressure instability, temperature fluctuation, and diaphoresis

62
Q

Vascular neurologic disorders and headaches

A

CVA, cerebral aneurysm, headaches

63
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

aka brain attack or stroke and is an interruption of cerebral blood supply

64
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

localized outpouching of cerebral artery d/t weakening or artery wall; can put pressure on surrounding tissue or leak and cause a CVA; form in multiples usually in circle of willis

65
Q

headaches

A

aka cephalalgia and refers to any pain in any region of the head

66
Q

seizure

A

transient physical or behavior alteration resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain

67
Q

epilepsy

A

seizure disorder resulting from spontaneous firing of abnormal neurons; recurrent seizures with no underlying or correctable cause

68
Q

status epilecticus

A

seizures that last longer than 20 minutes or subsequent seizures that occur before individual fully regains consciousness

69
Q

focal seizure (partials seizure)

A

occur in just one part of the brain; characteristics vary depending on location of activity in brain

70
Q

Focal aware seizure

A

individual remains conscious but experiences unusual feelings or sensations (joy, anger, sadness, nausea, hear, smell, taste things, see or feel things that are not real)

71
Q

complex focal seizure

A

individual has changes in or loss of consciousness producing dreamlike experience; may display strange to others with repetitious behaviors

72
Q

generalized seizure

A

results from abnormal neuronal activity on both sides of the brain; can cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasms

73
Q

types of generalized seizures

A

absence seizure, tonic seizure, clonic seizure

74
Q

absence seizure

A

individual may appear to be staring into space and/or have jerking or twitching muscles

75
Q

tonic seizure

A

causes stiffening of muscles of the body, generally those in the back and extremities

76
Q

clonic seizures

A

causes repeated jerking movement of muscles on both sides of body

77
Q

chronic degenerative neurologic disorders

A

multiple sclerosis, parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis, huntingtons disease

78
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

debilitating autoimmune condition of progressive and irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves

79
Q

parkinsons

A

progressive condition involving destruction of substantia nigra in the brain; results in lack of dopamine; >80% of dopamine receptors destroyed causes tremors

80
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

aka lou gehrigs disease; damage of upper motor neurons of cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons of brain stem and spinal cord; nerves lose ability to trigger muscle movement resulting in weakness, disability, paralysis, and then death

81
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune condition where acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by IgG leading to disruption of normal communication between nerve and muscle at neuromuscular junction; causes weakness of voluntary skeletal muscles because of inadequate nerve stimulation

82
Q

huntington disease

A

condition caused by genetically programmed degeneration of neurons in the brain; autosomal dominant involving defect in chromosome 4; leads to atrophy of brain (most commonly in basal ganglia and frontal cortex)

83
Q

dementia

A

group of conditions in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills and motor coordination; memory issues are common

84
Q

alzheimer disease

A

most common form of dementia; brain tissue degenerates and atrophies causing steady decline in memory and mental abilities

85
Q

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

A

rare/rapid progressive form of dementia caused by infectious prion (abnormal protein particle causing malformation/folding of protein); onset up to 40 years and lethal within 1 year of onset

86
Q
A

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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