Neural System Flashcards
1
Q
components of nervous systeme
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves
2
Q
CNS components
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
PNS components
A
nerves
4
Q
cerebellum controls
A
higher thought processes
5
Q
cerebral cortex 3 main functions (gray matter)
A
receiving sensory input, integrating sensory information, generating motor responses
6
Q
white matter below gray matter consists of…
A
bundles of axons that transmit impulses from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord
7
Q
frontal lobe function
A
facilitates voluntary motor activity; plays role in personality traits
8
Q
parietal lobe funciton
A
receives and interprets sensory input (exception of smell, hearing, vision)
9
Q
temporal lobe function
A
essential for hearing and memory
10
Q
occipital lobe function
A
processes visual information
11
Q
dura mater
A
outermost and toughest layer of meninges protecting spinal cord and brain
12
Q
arachnoid layer
A
middle layer protecting brain and spinal cord; spider web-like vascular system
13
Q
pia mater
A
innermost layer protecting brain and spinal cord
14
Q
CSF lies…
A
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
15
Q
CSF function
A
cushion from injury and provide nutrients
16
Q
axons
A
projections tat transmit impulses away from the cell body
17
Q
dendrites
A
projections that transmit impulses toward cell body
18
Q
terminal boutons
A
tiny bulges at end of axon that communicate with neurons, muscle fibers, or glands
19
Q
myelin sheath
A
surrounds some axons and increases rate of impulse transmission
20
Q
schwann cells
A
produce myelin sheath
21
Q
nodes of ranvier
A
sites of nutrient exchange where myelin is not present
22
Q
white matter
A
bundles of myelinated nerves
23
Q
synapse
A
gap between neurons
24
Q
resting potential
A
charge at rest
25
action potential
ability to created this small ionic charge
26
thalamus
receives and relays most of sensory input, affects mood, initiates body movements; subthalamus helps in motor activities; epithalamus function is unclear
27
hypothalamus
most inferior portion of diencephalon and regulates many bodily functions
28
brainstem
connects brain to spinal cord; main passage for info traveling to and from brain; collaborates with hypothalamus to regulate vital activities; 10/12 nerves exit from brain stem
29
how many pairs of cranial nerves
12
30
medulla
conduction pathway for ascending nerve tracts that coordinate HR, PVR, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
31
cerebellum
communicates with other portions of brain to move muscle, balance, and cognition
32
foramen magnum
large opening in which spinal cord exits skull
33
spinal reflex arcs
impulses like pulling hand off of burning stove before brain has time to realize
34
ganglia
collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
35
number of spinal nerve pairs
31; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx
36
sensory/afferent nerves
carry impulses from specific part of body to brain
37
efferent nerves
motor nerves carry impulses from brin to muscle receptor to cause muscle contraction
38
interneurons
connect sensory and motor neurons in spinal cord
39
plexus
several nerves intersect to form organized collaboration
40
cervical plexus
C1-C4
41
brachial plexus
C5-T1
42
lumbar plexus
L1-L4
43
Sacral plexus
L4-S4
44
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands; (HR, BP, intestinal motility)
45
somatic nervous sytem
controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes, skin to CNS
46
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response; stimulates adrenergic receptors
47
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest; stimulates cholinergic receptors
48
congenital neurological disorders
hydrocephalus, spina bifida, cerebral palsy
49
hydrocephalus
CSF accumulates within skull; ventricles dilate causing brain and blood vessels to become compressed thinning cortex and causing damage
50
spina bifida
neural tube defect (most common) in which posterior spinous processes on vertebrae fail to fuse and allow meninges and spinal cord to herniate
51
cerebral palsy
group of nonprogressive disorders that appear in infancy/early childhood and cause permanently affected motor movement and muscle coordination; usually damage to cerebellum during prenatal period
52
infections of neurologic system
meningitis, encephalitis, zika virus
53
meningitis
inflammation of meninges subarachnoid from infection (CSF can also become affected); can be self-limiting (viral) or life-threatening (acute bacterial)
54
encephalitis
inflammation of brain and spinal cord from infection; inflammatory response causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, leukocyte inflammation
55
zika virus
caused by flavivirus; typically mild, self-limiting illness with incubation of 3-12 days
56
Traumatic neurologic disorders
traumatic brain injury, increased intracranial pressure, hematomas, spinal cord injuries
57
traumatic brain injury
caused by sudden violent blow/jolt to the head or a penetrating head wound that disrupts normal brain function; can range from mild to severe and bruise, damage nerve fibers, or cause hemorrhage
58
Increased intracranial pressure
increased volume in cranial cavity
59
hematomas
collection of blood in the tissue that develops from ruptured blood vessels; leads to localized pressure on nearby tissue and increases ICP; bleeding can trigger vasospasms, worsening ischemia, and result in herniation
60
spinal cord injuries
direct injury to spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels; direct damage occurs d/t pulling, pressing sideways, or compression of spinal cord
61
cervical spinal cord injuries manifestations
can affect upper and lower extremities as well as breathing difficulties, loss of bowel/bladder control, paresthesia, sensory changes, spasticity, pain, weakness, paralysis, blood pressure instability, temperature fluctuation, and diaphoresis
62
Vascular neurologic disorders and headaches
CVA, cerebral aneurysm, headaches
63
cerebrovascular accident
aka brain attack or stroke and is an interruption of cerebral blood supply
64
Cerebral aneurysm
localized outpouching of cerebral artery d/t weakening or artery wall; can put pressure on surrounding tissue or leak and cause a CVA; form in multiples usually in circle of willis
65
headaches
aka cephalalgia and refers to any pain in any region of the head
66
seizure
transient physical or behavior alteration resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain
67
epilepsy
seizure disorder resulting from spontaneous firing of abnormal neurons; recurrent seizures with no underlying or correctable cause
68
status epilecticus
seizures that last longer than 20 minutes or subsequent seizures that occur before individual fully regains consciousness
69
focal seizure (partials seizure)
occur in just one part of the brain; characteristics vary depending on location of activity in brain
70
Focal aware seizure
individual remains conscious but experiences unusual feelings or sensations (joy, anger, sadness, nausea, hear, smell, taste things, see or feel things that are not real)
71
complex focal seizure
individual has changes in or loss of consciousness producing dreamlike experience; may display strange to others with repetitious behaviors
72
generalized seizure
results from abnormal neuronal activity on both sides of the brain; can cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasms
73
types of generalized seizures
absence seizure, tonic seizure, clonic seizure
74
absence seizure
individual may appear to be staring into space and/or have jerking or twitching muscles
75
tonic seizure
causes stiffening of muscles of the body, generally those in the back and extremities
76
clonic seizures
causes repeated jerking movement of muscles on both sides of body
77
chronic degenerative neurologic disorders
multiple sclerosis, parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis, huntingtons disease
78
multiple sclerosis
debilitating autoimmune condition of progressive and irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves
79
parkinsons
progressive condition involving destruction of substantia nigra in the brain; results in lack of dopamine; >80% of dopamine receptors destroyed causes tremors
80
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
aka lou gehrigs disease; damage of upper motor neurons of cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons of brain stem and spinal cord; nerves lose ability to trigger muscle movement resulting in weakness, disability, paralysis, and then death
81
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune condition where acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by IgG leading to disruption of normal communication between nerve and muscle at neuromuscular junction; causes weakness of voluntary skeletal muscles because of inadequate nerve stimulation
82
huntington disease
condition caused by genetically programmed degeneration of neurons in the brain; autosomal dominant involving defect in chromosome 4; leads to atrophy of brain (most commonly in basal ganglia and frontal cortex)
83
dementia
group of conditions in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills and motor coordination; memory issues are common
84
alzheimer disease
most common form of dementia; brain tissue degenerates and atrophies causing steady decline in memory and mental abilities
85
creutzfeldt-jakob disease
rare/rapid progressive form of dementia caused by infectious prion (abnormal protein particle causing malformation/folding of protein); onset up to 40 years and lethal within 1 year of onset
86
