Male and Female reproductive function

Question 1

congenital disorders

Answer 1

hypospadias, epispadias

Question 2

hypospadias

Answer 2

urethra meatus on ventral surface of penis (bottom); more common than epispadias; unknown cause

Question 3

increased risk factor for hypospadias

Answer 3

women > 35Y, obesity, fertility treatment, hormone treatment

Question 4

epispadias

Answer 4

urethral meatus on dorsal surface of penis (top); develops in first 4 weeks gestation; unknown cause; can span entire length of penis; found in clitoris of females

Question 5

risk factors for development of epispadias

Answer 5

parent with epispadias/exstrophy, maternal age, smoking status, high parity

Question 6

Exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC)

Answer 6

bladder exstrophy, cloacal exstrophy

Question 7

cryptorchidism

Answer 7

one or both testes dont descend from abdomen into scrotum

Question 8

risk factors for developing cryptorchidism

Answer 8

prematurity/LBW/SGA; fam history of genital development disorder; mult. fetus; maternal estrogen exposure in 1st trimester; EtOH; tobacco; DM; pesticide exposure; retractile testicle; ascending testicle

Question 9

retractile testicle

Answer 9

back and forth movement of testicle between scrotum and abdomen

Question 10

ascending testicle

Answer 10

testicle to lower abdomen and cant easily be returned to scrotum

Question 11

diagnosis of cryptorchidism

Answer 11

History, PE, ABD US, hormone levels, genetic studies

Question 12

treatment of cryptorchidism

Answer 12

manual manipulation, hormone treatment, surgical repair (orchiopexy between 6-18 months), orchiectomy, testicle implants

Question 13

fertility issues

Answer 13

erectile dysfunction, priapism

Question 14

erectile dysfunction

Answer 14

inability to attain/maintain erection enough for sexual intercourse

Question 15

priapism

Answer 15

prolonged painful erection (urologic emergency) due to shunting or trapping of blood; not caused by sexual stimulation

Question 16

Causes of priapism

Answer 16

sickle cell anemia, leukemia, trauma, DM, neurological disorder, medication, spinal cord injury (SCI), EtOH/drugs, poisonous venom

Question 17

male fertility issues

Answer 17

decreased sperm count, sperm abnormalities, hormone deviations, physical impediments

Question 18

female infertility

Answer 18

ovulation dysfunction, hormone deviations, obstructions, severe infections

Question 19

infertility

Answer 19

inability to reproduce after 1 year

Question 20

disorders of penis, scrotum, testes

Answer 20

hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele, testicular torsion

Question 21

testicular torsion

Answer 21

abnormal rotation of testes on the spermatic cord

Question 22

testicular torsion manifestations

Answer 22

sudden scrotal edema and pain

Question 23

causes of testicular torsion

Answer 23

trauma, spontaneous

Question 24

testicular torsion diagnosis

Answer 24

history, PE, scrotal US

Question 25

testicular torsion treatment

Answer 25

manual manipulation and surgery

Question 26

types of pelvic organ prolapse

Answer 26

normal, cystocele, uterine prolapse, rectocele

Question 27

cystocele

Answer 27

bladder protrudes into anterior wall of vagina

Question 28

cystocele manifestations

Answer 28

can be asymptomatic, visualization of bladder from vaginal opening, fullness in vagina/vagina, stress incontinence, retention, frequent urination, pain/urine leakage during sex

Question 29

rectocele

Answer 29

rectum protrudes through posterior wall of vagina

Question 30

rectocele manifestations

Answer 30

asymptomatic, painless, visualization of rectum from vaginal opening, fullness in pelvis/vagina, difficulty defecating, rectal pressure, bowel incontinence

Question 31

uterine prolapse

Answer 31

descent of uterus/cervix into vagina

Question 32

uterine prolapse manifestations

Answer 32

asymptomatic, visualization of cervix/uterus from vaginal opening, fullness of pelvis/vagina, difficult or painful sex, vag. bleeding, difficulty urinating/defecating

Question 34

abnormal uterine bleeding

Answer 34

acute or chronic; abnormal frequency, regularity, duration, and/or volume of uterine bleeding for most of past 6 months

Question 35

abnormal uterine bleeding manifestations

Answer 35

asymptomatic menorrhagia, pelvic/back/leg pain, urinary frequency/retention, UTI, constipation, ABD distention, pain during sex, anemia

Question 36

menstrual disorders

Answer 36

abnormal uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, pms, menopause

Question 37

male reproductive tract disorders

Answer 37

prostatitis, epididmitis

Question 38

prostatitis

Answer 38

inflammation of prostate; can be acute or chronic

Question 39

prostatitis manifestations

Answer 39

dysuria, nocturia, abdominal pain, pain in groin, pain in lower back, painful ejaculation, signs of infection, recurrent UTI

Question 40

causes of prostatitis

Answer 40

inflammatory conditions, middle age, immunocompromised, UTI history

Question 41

epididimitis

Answer 41

inflammation of epididymis

Question 42

epididimitis manifestations

Answer 42

indicators of infection, scrotal tenderness, erythema, edema, penile discharge, bloody semen, painful ejaculation, groin pain

Question 43

epididimitis causes

Answer 43

ascending bacterial infection, STIs, TB, cordarone (antidysrhythmic med)

Question 44

female reproductive tract disorders

Answer 44

candidiasis, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis

Question 45

endometriosis

Answer 45

endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus (most commonly in fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum)

Question 46

endometriosis manifestations

Answer 46

dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, pelvic pain, infertility, pain during/after sex

Question 47

endometriosis causes

Answer 47

theoretical

Question 48

bacterial STIs

Answer 48

chlamydia, gonorrhea, BV, PID, syphilis

Question 49

chlamydia manifestations

Answer 49

dysuria, penile/vaginal/rectal discharge, testicular tenderness/pain, rectal pain, painful sex

Question 50

gonorrhea manifestations

Answer 50

dysuria, urinary frequency/urgency, penile/vaginal/rectal discharge, redness/edema at urinary meatus, testicular tenderness/pain, painful sex, sore throat, white blisters that darken and disappear

Question 51

viral STIs

Answer 51

genital herpes, condoylomata accuminata (cannot get rid of but can suppress)

Question 52

Protozoan STI

Answer 52

trichomoniasis

Question 53

cancers

Answer 53

penile cancer, Prostate cancer (check PSA), testicular cancer (self exams), breast cancer (self exams, mammogram, genetic testing and MR), cervical (annual pap smear), endometrial, ovarian