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Pathophysiology > Renal/Urologic > Flashcards

Renal/Urologic Flashcards

1
Q

main component of amniotic fluid

A

urine

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2
Q

what does urinary system regulate

A

fluid volume, blood pressure, metabolic waste/drug excretion, vitamin D conversion, acid-base balance, hormone synthesis

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3
Q

renal capsule

A

connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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4
Q

renal cortex

A

area immediately beneath capsule; contains nephrons

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5
Q

renal artery

A

supplies each kidney with blood

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6
Q

renal hilum

A

opening in kidney; renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit

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7
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity forms the renal pelvis

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8
Q

calyces

A

tubes through which urine drains into the renal pelvis

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9
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from calyces to bladder

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10
Q

urethra

A

transports urine form the bladder to urinary meatus

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11
Q

what causes increase for UTI in women?

A

shorter urethra and sitting while peeing

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12
Q

pressure exerted to send signal to brain from stretch receptors in bladder

A

200-300mL

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13
Q

normal daily urine ouput

A

1500mL

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14
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

double membrane surrounding glomerulus

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15
Q

glomerulus

A

cluster of capillaries

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16
Q

normal filtration rate of glomerulus

A

125mL per min

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17
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

regulates blood pressure

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18
Q

3 waste products produced by kidneys

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

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19
Q

kidneys additional functions

A

convert vitamin D to active form, secrete bicarbonate, excrete/retain Hydrogen, synthesize atrial natriuretic peptide, EPO, and renin

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20
Q

components of most common renal calculi

A

calcium and oxalate or phosphate

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21
Q

hydropnephrosis

A

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys

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22
Q

urinalysis

A

noninvasive method to assess/determine if there are any abnormalities in renal function to help assess and determine abnormalities/changes in composition of urine

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23
Q

turbidity

A

term used to describe urine that has formed substances that should not be present in urine

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24
Q

presence of foaming when shaken in urine

A

protein is present

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25
Q

proteinuria

A

protein found in the urine (usually albumin) indicative of damage to renal filtration in glomeruli

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26
Q

urine pH

A

normal between 5-6.5 (can range from 4.5-8); more acidic in the morning d/t hypoventilation during sleep

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27
Q

specific gravity

A

estimation of concentration of solutes in urine; measure weight of urine against equal volume of distilled water; closer urine color to water, lower the SG

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28
Q

urine sediment

A

determines if urine contains casts, cells, crystals, or bacteria

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29
Q

RBCs in urine

A

hematuria if large number is present; normal urine should not contain any RBCs

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30
Q

types of crystals found in urine

A

cystine, uric acid, calcium oxalate, phosphate

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31
Q

types of incontinence

A

stress, urge, overflow, mixed, gross total, transient

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32
Q

risk factors for incontinence

A

female, age, overweight, smoking, other pathologies

33
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation

34
Q

painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis

A

chronic bladder condition in women and aging individuals causing pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, and abdominal area

35
Q

UTI/cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder in which bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen

36
Q

pyelonephritis

A

acute or chronic infection in one or both kidneys; kidney becomes ededemous filled with exudate which compressed renal artery and can develop abscesses or necrosis

37
Q

Chronic kidney disease(classified by)

A

abnormalities or kidney structure or function (GFR<60) present for 3 or more months

38
Q

AKI or acute kidney injury

A

sudden loss of renal function; can be reversible if caught early with treatment (ex: d/t hypovolemic shock)

39
Q

renal systems composed of

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

40
Q

kidneys development

A

5th week gestation

41
Q

amount of cardiac output through renal artery

A

20-25%

42
Q

main component of amniotic fluid

A

urine

43
Q

result of low amniotic fluid

A

decrease production of lungs

44
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidneys; filter specific substances; 1-2 million nephrons per kidney

45
Q

glomerular function rate

A

rate of blood flow through glomerulus (cluster of capillaries) which is indicator of renal function; normal rate is 125 mL/min

46
Q

functions of kidney

A

form urine, maintain fluid volume/alter BP with ADH and RAAS, excrete metabolic waste, convert nutrients, vitamin D to active form, excrete drugs, pH balance (secrete/reabsorb bicarb and hydrogen), hormone synthesis

47
Q

reasons for decreased kidney function

A

age, chronic conditions, HTN, over secretion of renin

48
Q

hormones synthesized by kidneys

A

renin, erythropoietin, atrial natriuretic peptide

49
Q

kidney waste products

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

50
Q

urinalysis

A

gives urine color, pH, turbidity, protein content, specific gravity, urine sediment, supernatant

51
Q

normal urine pH

A

5-6.5 (can range 4.5-8)

52
Q

specific gravity of urine

A

1.016-1.022; measures concentration of solutes in urine

53
Q

Urine sedimentation

A

cells, casts, crystals, bacteria

54
Q

RBC in urine

A

should not be present; hematuria causes red/brown color

55
Q

casts in urine

A

RBC = bleeding into renal tubules or RBC escaping via glomerulus; WBC = associated with inflammatory process; Epithelia = degeneration of tubular lumen/necrosis of renal tubules

56
Q

proteinuria

A

presence of protein in urine which can mean significant renal filtration damage; albumin is most common and suggest glomerular disease

57
Q

renal issues associated with (what causes renal issues)

A

increased risk for waste accumulation, loss of homeostatic regulation, drug toxicity, age, congenital/genetic issues, acquired issues

58
Q

causes for voiding issues

A

opioids inhibit bladder contraction by mu and delta receptors that impact parasympathetic nerves; spina cord injuries/conditions (MS), obstruction (BPH, calculi)

59
Q

renal calculi

A

more common in white men, contain calcium with oxalate or phosphate

60
Q

risks to developing renal calculi

A

pH changes, excessive concentration of insoluble salts in urine, urine stasis, family his., obesity, HTN, diet

61
Q

renal calculi manifestations

A

colicky flank, lower abd., groin pain; bloody, cloudy, foul smelling urine; dysuria; genital discharge; N/V; fever; chills; malaise; fatigue

62
Q

hydronephrosis

A

abnormal dilation of renal pelvis and calyces of one/both kidneys; caused by urinary tract obstruction; can cause atrophy or renal cortex and medulla; US diagnosis (CT if US is negative)

63
Q

priority after removing catheter

A

want pt to make urine within 4-6 hours

64
Q

types of incontinence

A

stress incontinence (kegels help), functional incontinence (disruption in innervation of bladder like MS)

65
Q

risk for developing incontinence

A

F>M, advanced age (loss of tone in bladder and urethra), overweight, smoking, diabetes, renal disease

66
Q

diagnosis of incontinence

A

post void residual (normal is 50-100mL)

67
Q

painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis

A

chronic condition; pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, abdominal area; ulcerative and nonulcerative; 5% can develop end stage renal failure; more common in women; associated with increasing age

68
Q

manifestations of cystitis

A

pain in urinary tract that worsens with pressure, frequency and nocturia, urgency (constant and worse with stress), sexual dysfucntion

69
Q

cystitis diagnosis

A

HX, PE, voiding tests, urodynamics (kidney function), cystoscopy (scope in bladder)

70
Q

pathologies affecting renal function

A

CKD, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, AKI

71
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for > 3 months; GFR <60

72
Q

causes of CKD

A

DM, HTN, glomerulonephritis

73
Q

complications of CKD

A

uremia, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, fluid retention, hyperkalemia

74
Q

treatment of CKD

A

ACE inhibitors, blood pressure control, glycemic control to slow progression

75
Q

PKD (polycystic kidney disease)

A

can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive (1 copy needed)

76
Q

autosomal dominant PKD

A

large, bilateral renal cysts; cause back pain, pyelonephritis, hemorrhage, nephrolithiasis

77
Q

autosomal recessive PKD

A

death usually in first month form resp. insuff.; kidneys become small and shrunken

78
Q

AKI

A

reversible decrease in kidney function; can lead to CKD

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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