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Renal/Urologic Flashcards

1
Q

main component of amniotic fluid

A

urine

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2
Q

what does urinary system regulate

A

fluid volume, blood pressure, metabolic waste/drug excretion, vitamin D conversion, acid-base balance, hormone synthesis

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3
Q

renal capsule

A

connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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4
Q

renal cortex

A

area immediately beneath capsule; contains nephrons

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5
Q

renal artery

A

supplies each kidney with blood

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6
Q

renal hilum

A

opening in kidney; renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit

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7
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity forms the renal pelvis

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8
Q

calyces

A

tubes through which urine drains into the renal pelvis

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9
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from calyces to bladder

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10
Q

urethra

A

transports urine form the bladder to urinary meatus

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11
Q

what causes increase for UTI in women?

A

shorter urethra and sitting while peeing

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12
Q

pressure exerted to send signal to brain from stretch receptors in bladder

A

200-300mL

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13
Q

normal daily urine ouput

A

1500mL

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14
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

double membrane surrounding glomerulus

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15
Q

glomerulus

A

cluster of capillaries

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16
Q

normal filtration rate of glomerulus

A

125mL per min

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17
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

regulates blood pressure

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18
Q

3 waste products produced by kidneys

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

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19
Q

kidneys additional functions

A

convert vitamin D to active form, secrete bicarbonate, excrete/retain Hydrogen, synthesize atrial natriuretic peptide, EPO, and renin

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20
Q

components of most common renal calculi

A

calcium and oxalate or phosphate

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21
Q

hydropnephrosis

A

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys

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22
Q

urinalysis

A

noninvasive method to assess/determine if there are any abnormalities in renal function to help assess and determine abnormalities/changes in composition of urine

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23
Q

turbidity

A

term used to describe urine that has formed substances that should not be present in urine

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24
Q

presence of foaming when shaken in urine

A

protein is present

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25
proteinuria
protein found in the urine (usually albumin) indicative of damage to renal filtration in glomeruli
26
urine pH
normal between 5-6.5 (can range from 4.5-8); more acidic in the morning d/t hypoventilation during sleep
27
specific gravity
estimation of concentration of solutes in urine; measure weight of urine against equal volume of distilled water; closer urine color to water, lower the SG
28
urine sediment
determines if urine contains casts, cells, crystals, or bacteria
29
RBCs in urine
hematuria if large number is present; normal urine should not contain any RBCs
30
types of crystals found in urine
cystine, uric acid, calcium oxalate, phosphate
31
types of incontinence
stress, urge, overflow, mixed, gross total, transient
32
risk factors for incontinence
female, age, overweight, smoking, other pathologies
33
neurogenic bladder
dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation
34
painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis
chronic bladder condition in women and aging individuals causing pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, and abdominal area
35
UTI/cystitis
inflammation of the bladder in which bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen
36
pyelonephritis
acute or chronic infection in one or both kidneys; kidney becomes ededemous filled with exudate which compressed renal artery and can develop abscesses or necrosis
37
Chronic kidney disease(classified by)
abnormalities or kidney structure or function (GFR<60) present for 3 or more months
38
AKI or acute kidney injury
sudden loss of renal function; can be reversible if caught early with treatment (ex: d/t hypovolemic shock)
39
renal systems composed of
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
40
kidneys development
5th week gestation
41
amount of cardiac output through renal artery
20-25%
42
main component of amniotic fluid
urine
43
result of low amniotic fluid
decrease production of lungs
44
nephron
functional unit of kidneys; filter specific substances; 1-2 million nephrons per kidney
45
glomerular function rate
rate of blood flow through glomerulus (cluster of capillaries) which is indicator of renal function; normal rate is 125 mL/min
46
functions of kidney
form urine, maintain fluid volume/alter BP with ADH and RAAS, excrete metabolic waste, convert nutrients, vitamin D to active form, excrete drugs, pH balance (secrete/reabsorb bicarb and hydrogen), hormone synthesis
47
reasons for decreased kidney function
age, chronic conditions, HTN, over secretion of renin
48
hormones synthesized by kidneys
renin, erythropoietin, atrial natriuretic peptide
49
kidney waste products
ammonia, urea, uric acid
50
urinalysis
gives urine color, pH, turbidity, protein content, specific gravity, urine sediment, supernatant
51
normal urine pH
5-6.5 (can range 4.5-8)
52
specific gravity of urine
1.016-1.022; measures concentration of solutes in urine
53
Urine sedimentation
cells, casts, crystals, bacteria
54
RBC in urine
should not be present; hematuria causes red/brown color
55
casts in urine
RBC = bleeding into renal tubules or RBC escaping via glomerulus; WBC = associated with inflammatory process; Epithelia = degeneration of tubular lumen/necrosis of renal tubules
56
proteinuria
presence of protein in urine which can mean significant renal filtration damage; albumin is most common and suggest glomerular disease
57
renal issues associated with (what causes renal issues)
increased risk for waste accumulation, loss of homeostatic regulation, drug toxicity, age, congenital/genetic issues, acquired issues
58
causes for voiding issues
opioids inhibit bladder contraction by mu and delta receptors that impact parasympathetic nerves; spina cord injuries/conditions (MS), obstruction (BPH, calculi)
59
renal calculi
more common in white men, contain calcium with oxalate or phosphate
60
risks to developing renal calculi
pH changes, excessive concentration of insoluble salts in urine, urine stasis, family his., obesity, HTN, diet
61
renal calculi manifestations
colicky flank, lower abd., groin pain; bloody, cloudy, foul smelling urine; dysuria; genital discharge; N/V; fever; chills; malaise; fatigue
62
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of renal pelvis and calyces of one/both kidneys; caused by urinary tract obstruction; can cause atrophy or renal cortex and medulla; US diagnosis (CT if US is negative)
63
priority after removing catheter
want pt to make urine within 4-6 hours
64
types of incontinence
stress incontinence (kegels help), functional incontinence (disruption in innervation of bladder like MS)
65
risk for developing incontinence
F>M, advanced age (loss of tone in bladder and urethra), overweight, smoking, diabetes, renal disease
66
diagnosis of incontinence
post void residual (normal is 50-100mL)
67
painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis
chronic condition; pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, abdominal area; ulcerative and nonulcerative; 5% can develop end stage renal failure; more common in women; associated with increasing age
68
manifestations of cystitis
pain in urinary tract that worsens with pressure, frequency and nocturia, urgency (constant and worse with stress), sexual dysfucntion
69
cystitis diagnosis
HX, PE, voiding tests, urodynamics (kidney function), cystoscopy (scope in bladder)
70
pathologies affecting renal function
CKD, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, AKI
71
chronic kidney disease
abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for > 3 months; GFR <60
72
causes of CKD
DM, HTN, glomerulonephritis
73
complications of CKD
uremia, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, fluid retention, hyperkalemia
74
treatment of CKD
ACE inhibitors, blood pressure control, glycemic control to slow progression
75
PKD (polycystic kidney disease)
can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive (1 copy needed)
76
autosomal dominant PKD
large, bilateral renal cysts; cause back pain, pyelonephritis, hemorrhage, nephrolithiasis
77
autosomal recessive PKD
death usually in first month form resp. insuff.; kidneys become small and shrunken
78
AKI
reversible decrease in kidney function; can lead to CKD

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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