Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > lower gastrointestinal function > Flashcards

lower gastrointestinal function Flashcards

1
Q

upper GI system

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lower GI system

A

small intestine, large intestine, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hepatobiliary system

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of liver

A

metabolize, synthesize, storage, detoxify blood, maintain fluid volume, produce bile, prepare for excretion, remove old RBCs, blood reservoir, convert ketones to fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hepatic artery

A

carries oxygenated blood to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

portal vein

A

carry partially deoxygenated blood from GI tract to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

disorders of lower GI tract

A

diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, peritonitis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases IBS, diverticular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver; can be acute, chronic, or fulminant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute hepatitis

A

proceeds through four phases: asymptomatic incubation and 3 symptomatic phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chronic hepatitis

A

continued hepatic diseases (>6 months); can quickly deteriorate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fulminant hepatitis

A

uncommon, rapidly progressing that can lead to liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or death within 3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to liver resulting in decreased function; leads to fibrosis, nodule formation, impaired blood flow; eventually leads to liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD and NASH)

A

infiltration of hepatocytes with fat from triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gallbladder

A

sits below/behind liver and stores bile created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation/infection in biliary system caused by calculi (kidney stones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas; acute pancreatitis is medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

exocrine gland pancreas

A

digestive function; secretes enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endocrine gland pancreas

A

hormonal function; secretes insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

components of lower GI tract

A

small intestine, cecum, appendix, large intestine, colon, feces, rectum, defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

celiac disease

A

celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy; autoimmune inherited malabsorption disorder; intestinal villi atrophy causing decreased enzyme production and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

irritable bowel disease (IBD)

A

chronic inflammation of GI tract, usually intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

crohns disease

A

slow developing, progressive condition causing patchy areas of inflammation in intestinal wall (full thickness); stimulates intestinal motility decreasing digestion/absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

progressive condition of rectum and colon mucosa characterized by inflammation causing surface erosion, epithelium loss, and ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

chronic, noninflammatory GI condition exacerbated by stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rome IV criteria for IBS

A

recurrent abdominal pain at least 1day/week in past 3 months associated with 2 of the following: related to defecation, changes in stool frequency, changes in stool appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diverticular disease

A

conditions related to development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of intestinal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diverticulosis

A

asymptomatic diverticular disease with multiple diverticula present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

diverticulitis

A

diverticula become inflamed (usually because of retained fecal matter) and is asymptomatic until serious; can lead to fatal obstruction, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

meckel diverticulum

A

common malformation of GI tract resulting in herniation of all layers of bowel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of vermiform appendix usually caused by infection; fluid builds in appendix filling with purulent exudate causing ischemia, necrosis, and forces bacteria/toxins out to surrounding structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of peritoneum which activate many protective mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gastric cancer

A

can occur in several forms (adenocarcinoma is most frequent); most commonly associated with salted, cured, pickled, preserved, and smoked foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

liver cancer

A

usually occurs as secondary tumor metastasized from breast, lung, or other GI structure; primary tumors caused by cirrhosis and hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

aggressive malignancy that metastasizes quickly (usually adenocarcinoma); by time symptoms develop the disease is very advanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

colorectal cancer

A

very common and fatal in US/worldwide; often asymptomatic until advanced; associated with fatty, caloric, low-fiber diets with red meat/processed meat/alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

lower GI system components

A

small intestine, large intestine, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

hepatobiliary system components

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

small intestine function

A

longest section of GI tract for nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cecum

A

small pouch ending the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

appendix

A

vestigial organ attached to cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

large intestine

A

deep crypt for water absorption

43
Q

colon

A

absorbs water and electrolytes

44
Q

feces

A

waste with undigested or unabsorbed remnants and bacteria

45
Q

rectum

A

reservoir to store feces

46
Q

defecation

A

reflex elicited through spinal cord to eliminate waste

47
Q

liver function

A

10: metabolize carb/protein/fats; synthesize glucose/proteins/cholesterol/triglycerides/clotting factors; store glucose/fats/micronutrients to release as needed; detox blood; maintain intravascular fluid; produce bile; inactivate/prepare hormones for excretion; remove damaged/old erythrocytes to recycle iron and protein; blood reservoir; convert fatty acids to ketones

48
Q

liver failure decreases…

A

albumin which

49
Q

symptoms of liver disorders

A

jaundice, reduced liver blood flow, delayed drug clearance, diminished regeneration capacity

50
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver that can be viral and non-viral; increased age and comorbidities can increases risk for liver failure/cancer/cirrhosis; can result in hepatic cell destruction/necrosis/autolysis/hyperplasia/scarring

51
Q

acute hepatitis

A

4 phases: 1 asymptomatic and 3 symptomatic

52
Q

chronic hepatitis

A

lasts >6 months; severity varies; can deteriorate quicky with associated liver integrity

53
Q

fulminant hepatitis

A

uncommon; rapid progression to liver failure; hepatic encephalopathy or death within 3 weeks

54
Q

Hepatitis A

A

vaccine available; contaminated food and water; poor sanitization

55
Q

hepatitis B

A

vaccine available; spread in bodily fluids (birth); leading cause of liver cancer

56
Q

hepatitis c

A

curable in 95% of cases; spread via blood (birth); 40% of people are unaware they have it; leading cause of liver transplant

57
Q

hepatitis caused by

A

EtOH, infections (usually viral), Medications (tylenol, antiseizure, antibiotics), autoimmune disease,

58
Q

cirrhosis of the liver

A

chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damge to liver resulting in decreased liver function; leads t liver fibrosis, nodule formation, impaired blood flow, bile obstruction that can result in liver failure; extracellular matrix degrades from proteolytic activity

59
Q

cirrhosis manifestations

A

portal HTN, ascites, jaundice, varicosities, enlarged organs, muscle wasting, hyperlipidemia, hyper/hypoglycemia, toxin and bile accumulation, clay colored stools, dark urine, itchiness, feminization and irregular menses (in women)

60
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

hepatitis, chronic EtOH

61
Q

cause for dark urine d/t cirrhosis

A

bile in urine

62
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores bile produced by liver; delivers bile to small intestine via common bile duct

63
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation or infection in biliary system d/t calculi; pain in ABD d/t obstruction usually occurs after large fatty meal that causes contraction of gallbladder

64
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gall stones

65
Q

risk factors for developing cholelithiasis

A

advanced age, obesity, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, hormone replacement, long-term parenteral nutrition

66
Q

cholelithiasis manifestations

A

biliary colic, abdominal distention, N/V, jaundice, fever, leukocytosis

67
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas d/t destruction of pancreatic tissue by digestive enzymes; can be acute or chronic

68
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

sudden and sever; upper ABD pain that radiates to back and worsens after eating, somewhat relieved by leaning forward/pulling knees to chest; mild jaundice, low-grade fever; BP and pulse changes

69
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

insidious, upper ABD pain, indigestion, weight loss (unintentional), steatorrhea, constipation, flatulence

70
Q

causes of pancreatitis

A

EtOH, cholelithiasis, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, penetrating peptic ulcers

71
Q

diarrhea

A

change in bowel patter; increased frequency, amount, and water content of stool; results from fluid secretion, decreased fluid absorption, alteration in GI peristalsis

72
Q

diarrhea small intestine

A

stool large, loose, provoked by eating; usually accompanied by RLQ pain

73
Q

large intestine diarrhea

A

stool is small, frequent, often pain and cramping in LLQ

74
Q

acute diarrhea

A

self-limiting, depends on causes, usually viral or bacterial, can be caused by medications, may be accompanied by cramping/fever/chills/nausea/vomiting

75
Q

chronic diarrhea

A

longer than 4 weeks

76
Q

causes of diarrhea

A

IBD, malabsorption syndromes, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, radiation

77
Q

DX of diarrhea

A

history, PE, stool analysis, CBC, chem, ABG, ABD US`

78
Q

treating diarrhea

A

fasting, antidiarrheals, antibiotics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, diet, dietary fiber

79
Q

constipation

A

change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool; stool remains in large intestine longer than usual and removes more water; common in toilet training children

80
Q

constipation manifestations

A

pain during BM, inability to pass stool, hypoactive BS

81
Q

causes of constipation

A

low fiber diet, inadequate physical activity, insufficient fluid intake, delayed urge to defecate, laxative abuse, stress, travel, bowel disease, opioids, mental health issues, neurologic conditions, colon cancer

82
Q

constipation complications

A

anal bleeding, anal fissure, pH disturbance, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, impaction, intestinal obstruction, fistulas

83
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

can be mechanical or functional; can be sudden or gradual; can be partial or complete

84
Q

mechanical intestinal obstructions

A

foreign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, intussusception, volvulus, strictures, Crohn’s, diverticulitis, hirschsprungs, fecal impaction

85
Q

intussusception

A

intestine telescopes on self and can cause tissue death

86
Q

functional obstructions

A

neuro impairment, intra-abdominal surgery, chemical, electrolyte/mineral disturbances, infections, abdominal blood supply impairment, renal/lung disease, meds

87
Q

crohn’s diseases

A

insidious, develops in adolescence; patchy inflammation involving full thickness of intestinal wall and ulcerations; thick and rigid wall with narrow lumen; can appear as cobblestones; damaged tissue unable to absorb; motility increased

88
Q

crohns disease manifestations

A

abdominal cramping/pain (RLQ), diarrhea, steatorrhea, constipation, palpable abdominal mass, melena, anorexia, weight loss, inflammation

89
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

progressive inflammation of rectum and colon triggered by T-cell accumulation in colon mucosa; causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, ulceration beginning in rectum and extends entire colon; necrosis turns to abscesses

90
Q

ulcerative colitis manifestations

A

watery diarrhea with blood and mucus, tenesmus, proctitis, ABD cramping, N/V, weight loss, inflammation

91
Q

tenesmus

A

frequent urge but inability to defecate

92
Q

IBS

A

chronic noninflammatory GI condition; exacerbations with stress; more common in women; alteration in bowel pattern and abdominal pain; less serious than IBD does not cause permanent damage

93
Q

IBS manifestations

A

stress, mood disorder, food, hormone changes, ABD distention, fullness, bloating, ABD pain worsened by eating/relieved by defecation, chronic/frequent constipation, emotional stress, anorexia

94
Q

Rome criteria for IBS

A

recurrent abdominal pain on avg of at least 1day/week in past 3 months with two or more of following: related to defecation, changes in stool frequency, changes in stool appearance

95
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of vermiform appendix usually infectious; causes local edema and then obstruction

96
Q

appendicitis manifestations

A

sharp ABD pain in RLQ (pain may subside if rupture but then return), N/V, ABD distention, bowel pattern changes, fevers, chills, leukocytosis, peritonitis

97
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of peritoneum; exudate bonds to nearby structures and seals them; abscesses attempt to wall off infections and slow peristalsis

98
Q

peritonitis manifestations

A

sudden severee, abdominal rigidity, ABD tenderness/pain, decreased peristalsis, intestinal obstruction

99
Q

causes of peritonitis

A

chemical irritation (ruptured spleen or gallbladder), direct organism invasion (appendicitis)

100
Q

gastric cancer

A

associated with increased salt intake, cured, pickled, smoked foods

101
Q

liver cancer

A

causes of primary tumors due to chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis

102
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

typically advanced disease when patient presents; jaundice, dark urine, dry-colored stools

103
Q

colorectal cancer

A

flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, high sensitivity fecal occult blood test yearly w/ fecal immunochemical tests, colonoscopy every 10 years; narrow stools from tumor compression

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions