The End Of WWI Flashcards
Battle of Verdun
1916 longest WWI battle
Argonne Forest, France
War bond
Government taking money for war and repaying when it is over
Food administration
Led by Herbert Hoover
Encouraged farmers to make more and public to eat less
Voluntary rationing
War industries board
Convert factories to the production of war related materials
Espionage act
Very high penalties
No spying
Sabotage and Sedition Acts
Made it a crime to say, print, or write about anything bad or perceived as bad about the govt.
Persecution of Germans
Anti-German Sentiment
No Germans in schools or German books in libraries
No German orchestra music
Women
Over 30k women serve non-combat roles
Took mens jobs
Could be voluntary nurses but denied rank or pay
Still can’t vote
African Americans
America still racist
Great migration
Not allowed into marines, menial jobs in navy— combat positions segregated in army
350k served by wars end (more in other countries since none were as racist as America)
Great Migration
500,000 African Americans travel from Southern to Northern Cities in hopes of jobs
Harlem Hellfighters
369th infantry, first all-black U.S. Combat unit to be shipped overseas during WWI
191 days of fighting, not a single POW, no land loss
French gives them Medal of Honor, United States ignores
Sergeant Henry Johnson
Provisions of the treaty of Versailles 1919
Establish 9 new nations like Poland, Czech, Finland, and Yugoslavia
Shifted country borders
Ottoman Empire divided into 5 and temporarily given to France + Britain
League of Nations (Wilson’s 14th Point)
- creation of an international organization to protect world peace
- discuss a forum of nations to settle their grievances without resorting to war
- based in genieva, Switzerland- neutral country already containing Red Cross so perfect
Treaty of Versailles: what Germany must do
Accept full responsibility for war guilt clause
Pay reparations to Allie’s (millions)
Disarm- limit its size of navy and army
Give up overseas colonies
Give up territory in Europe- League of Nations attacked
Accept the ne map of Europe
Wilson suffers stroke
- has a stroke on national speaking tour
- Henry Cabot lodge republican takes over
- rejects League of Nations and treaty of Versailles
- America signs a separate treaty with each central power
Debate over League of Nations
- threatened us policy of isolationism
- conservative senators under Henry Cabot lodge questioned
- they wanted to constitutional right to declare war, opposed because too much power
Opposition to treaty of Versailles
- too harsh (economically)
- sell out to imperialism- exchanged one set of colonial rules to another
- new boundaries did not satisfy demands for self-determination
4 weaknesses of treaty of versailles
Humiliated Germany by forcing them to admit sole responsibility for starting the war-to-war guilt clause
Germany was stripped from pacific colonies and now deal with huge financial responsibilities
Ignored claims of colonized people for self-determination
Germany/Russia excluded from peace conference
End of war
Armistice- seize fire
11/11 at 11 am Germany asks for peace
Germany must promise what (end of war)?
Not to renew hostility
Leave Belgium and France
Wilson to deal with civilian leaders instead of military
WWI death toll
Around 10m soldiers and 7m civilians
Paris peace conference
27 nations gather to discuss Europe’s future, Germany and Russia not invited
Paris peace conference big 4
Woodrow Wilson, US
David Lloyd George- GB prime minister
George Clemenceau - France prime minister
Vittorio Orlando- Italy
Wilson’s 14 points
- free trade
- freedom of the seas
- reduction of arms
- no secret alliances
- League of Nations (America does not join- Henry Cabot lodge)
- Europe self-determination
Right to self-determination meaning
Presence of a representative democracy and the ability to enjoy human rights within existing states
WWI end date
November 11, 1918
WWI start date
July 28, 1914
Erich Ludendorff
Military commander who has won decisive victories over Russia in 1917 that led to Russian withdrawal
Kaiser Willhem II abdication
November 9, 1918
Kaiser Willhelm
German Emperor
What do many historians claim about the treaty of Versailles?
The mistake made was angering Germany causing the Second World War
Treaty of Versailles general clauses
Establishment of League of Nations
War guilt clause- Germany to accept blame on starting the ar
Countries that change after WWI
Austria Hungary, Germany, Russia, Romania, turkey, Bulgaria, Albania
Countries that disappear after WWI
Austria-Hungary (made into 2 new countries), Montenegro Serbia,
New countries after WWI
Belarus, Ukraine, E. Prussia, Lithuania, estonia, latvia, Moldova, Czech, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
