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Head and Neck Anatomy > The Ear and the Larynx > Flashcards

The Ear and the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the external ear?

A

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, external surface of tympanic membrane

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2
Q

What is included in the middle ear?

A

Tympanic cavity, malleus, incus, stapes, internal surface of tympanic membrane and pharyngotympanic tube

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3
Q

What is included in the inner ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear organ

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4
Q

What is the function of the ear?

A

Converts sound vibrations into impulses that the brain can interpret (auditory transduction)
External and middle ear transfer vibrations to inner ear

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5
Q

Where is the external auditory meatus?

A

Medial to tragus

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6
Q

What structure terminates external ear and begins middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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7
Q

What is the lateral 1/3 of the external auditory meatus composed of?

A

Elastic cartilage that contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

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8
Q

What is the medial 2/3 of the external auditory meatus composed of?

A

Bone lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What arteries are within the external auditory meatus?

A

Anterior and posterior auricular arteries

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10
Q

Anterior and posterior auricular arteries are branches of what?

A

External carotid

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11
Q

What nerves are within the external auditory meatus?

A

Auriculotemporal from the mandibular branch of trigeminal, and auricular branches from facial and vagus

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12
Q

Where does the chorda tympani cross?

A

Malleolar prominence

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13
Q

What part of the ear allows for vibration (allows umbo to move in and out)?

A

Pars flaccida

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14
Q

What is the apex of the convex?

A

Umbo

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15
Q

What innervates the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Auriculotemporal and the auricular branch of vagus

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16
Q

What innervates the medial surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Tympanic branches of glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear?

A

Tegmen tympani

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18
Q

What innervates the concha and inner anti helix?

A

Vagus and glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Concentration of vibration, dampens loud external sound to minimize inner ear damage, dampens internal sounds

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20
Q

What helps to dampen inner sounds?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

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21
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube connect?

A

Tympanic cavity to nasopharynx

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22
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalize pressure

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23
Q

What muscles are within the middle ear?

A

Salpingopharyneus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini and tensor tympani

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24
Q

What does the deep auricular artery branching from maxillary artery supply in the middle ear?

A

Floor of tympanic cavity, ext surface of tympanic membrane

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25
Q

What does the anterior tympanic artery branching from maxillary artery supply in the middle ear?

A

Auditory ossicles

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26
Q

What does the stylomastoid artery branching from posterior auricular artery supply in the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane, posterior wall of cavity

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27
Q

What does the superior tympanic artery branching from middle meningeal artery supply in the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani

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28
Q

What does the stapedial artery branching from the stylomastoid artery supply in the middle ear?

A

Stapedius muscle

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29
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea and vestibular organ

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30
Q

What is the vestibular organ composed of?

A

Semicircular canals and vestibule

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31
Q

What does the cochlea control?

A

Hearing

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32
Q

What does the vestibular organ control?

A

Balance

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33
Q

What is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

Perilymph

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34
Q

What are the membranous canals filled with and what do they suspend in?

A

Endolymph, perilymph

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35
Q

What is endolymph composed of?

A

Capillaries in the membranous labyrinth

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36
Q

Where is excess endolymph collected?

A

Endolymphatic duct

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37
Q

Describe the location of the cochlea is relation to the semicircular canals

A

Anterior and medial

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38
Q

What is the final destination for auditory transduction?

A

Inner ear

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39
Q

What establishes a pressure wave in the perilymph that is transferred to the inner ear?

A

Footplate of stapes moving in and out of oval window

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40
Q

What is the function of the round window?

A

Allows perilymph to move

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41
Q

What prevents perilymph from leaking into middle ear?

A

Secondary tympanic membrane

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42
Q

What 2 structures are continuous with each other at the end of the cochlea?

A

Scala tympani and scala vestibuli

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43
Q

What pushes the outer hair cells up?

A

Basilar membrane

44
Q

What is an example of a low frequency sound?

A

Natural disaster

45
Q

What is an example of a mid frequency sound?

A

Dogs barking

46
Q

What is an example of a high frequency sound?

A

Nails on chalkboard

47
Q

What frequency makes up 80% of sound?

A

Mid frequency

48
Q

How many semicircular canals are there and what are they?

A

3: anterior, posterior and lateral

49
Q

How many circles do the semicircular canals make?

A

2.5

50
Q

Which semicircular canals are set at right angles?

A

Anterior and posterior

51
Q

What semicircular canal is horizontal?

A

Lateral

52
Q

What do the semicircular ducts contain?

A

Endolymph

53
Q

What is the name of the swelling that each canal and duct has?

A

Ampulla

54
Q

What does each ampulla contain?

A

Equilibrium receptor (crista ampullaris)

55
Q

What does crista ampullaris respond to?

A

Angular/rotational movement of head

56
Q

What are the 2 membranous sacs in the vestibule?

A

Utricle and saccule

57
Q

What are otolithic organs?

A

organs that use protein-calcium carbonate granules to sense gravity and motion

58
Q

What are the equilibrium receptors in the utricle and saccule called?

A

Maculae

59
Q

What does the maculae detect?

A

Linear/translational movements of head

60
Q

What part of translational movement detection is the utricle responsible for?

A

Horizontal

61
Q

What part of translational movement detection is the saccule responsible for?

A

Vertical

62
Q

Describe transmission to the brain

A

Brainstem to entering posterior cranial fossa to internal auditory meatus to vestibulocochlear nerve, branch into either cochlear or vestibular part of nerve

63
Q

What are the traumatic causes of tympanic membrane perforation?

A

Insertion of objects into the ear canal purposely or accidentally, Head trauma (with or without basilar fracture), Sudden negative pressure (eg. strong suction
applied to the ear canal), Barotrauma (eg. during air travel or scuba diving)

64
Q

What can penetrating injuries to tympanic membrane result in?

A

dislocations of the ossicular chain (prevent auditory transduction resulting in unilateral deafness), bleeding, or Facial nerve injury (Chorda Tympani is located close
to tympanic membrane)

65
Q

Where is the larynx related in terms of cervical vertebrae?

A

C3/C6-7

66
Q

What structure allows for swallowing?

A

Esophagus

67
Q

What is the thyrohyoid innervates by?

A

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

68
Q

What part of the larynx do your cric in an emergency?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

69
Q

What inserts on the muscular process of the larynx?

A

Muscles

70
Q

What inserts on the vocal process of the larynx?

A

Vocal ligament

71
Q

What part of the larynx pulls the cartilage up and down?

A

Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid

72
Q

What muscle opens the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

73
Q

What closes during high pitched sounds?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

74
Q

What 2 nerves provide sensory innervation to larynx?

A

Internal and recurrent laryngeal

75
Q

Describe internal laryngeal

A

A terminal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, Pierces the thyrohyoid membrane with the superior laryngeal artery, Sensory fibres to laryngeal mucous membrane of laryngeal vestibule and middle laryngeal cavity, superior surface of the vocal folds

76
Q

Describe recurrent laryngeal

A

Branch of vagus, Sensory to larynx from inferior surface of vocal folds down

77
Q

What are the false vocal folds called?

A

Vestibular folds

78
Q

What closes the vocal folds?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

79
Q

Increased tension in vocal folds causes what change in pitch?

A

Higher pitch

80
Q

Increased subglottal pressure causes what change to sound and why?

A

Louder the sound due to higher velocity as air passes through larynx

81
Q

Where is the 1st cleft located?

A

Between pharyngeal arch 1 and 2 (external acoustic meatus)

82
Q

Where are clefts 2, 3 and 4 located?

A

Incorporated into cervical sinus

83
Q

What is in the 1st pouch?

A

Eustachian tube and tympanic cavity

84
Q

What is in the 2nd pouch?

A

Palatine tonsil

85
Q

What is in the 3rd pouch?

A

Inferior parathyroid and thymus

86
Q

What is in the 4-6th pouch?

A

Superior parathyroid and ultimobranchial body

87
Q

what are the terminal branches of the superficial temporal artery?

A

parietal and frontal

88
Q

what supplies blood to the tympanic membrane?

A

deep auricular and anterior tympanic of maxillary artery

89
Q

describe the articulations of the ossicles

A

synovial joints

90
Q

where does the stapes insert?

A

oval window

91
Q

is the cochlear duct closed at the end and why?

A

no, scala tympani and vestibuli are continuous at apex

92
Q

how do we hear low frequency sounds?

A

bounce later in ear

93
Q

how do we hear high frequency sounds?

A

bounce earlier in ear

94
Q

what does the larynx feed?

A

trachea

95
Q

where is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

posterior to thyroid cartilage below epiglottis

96
Q

what passes through thyroid cartilage?

A

internal branch of laryngeal nerve

97
Q

where is the corniculate cartilage?

A

on top of arytenoid

98
Q

what muscle crosses below the epiglottis posteriorly?

A

aryepiglottic

99
Q

what does the cricothyroid do?

A

pulls thyroid cartilage forward and down

100
Q

what is the space below the vocal folds?

A

infraglottic cavity

101
Q

what does the internal laryngeal provide sensory for in larynx?

A

superior to vocal folds

102
Q

what does recurrent laryngeal provide sensory for in larynx?

A

inferior to vocal folds

103
Q

what bone does chorda tympani loop around?

A

malleus

104
Q

where do scala tympani and vestibuli meet?

A

helicotrema

105
Q

what is the modiolus?

A

bony center of cochlea

Head and Neck Anatomy (9 decks)

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