Nose and Pharynx

Question 1

what part of amphioxus will eventually develop the olfactory nerve?

Answer 1

kolliker’s pit

Question 2

kolliker’s pit descends down to where in mammals?

Answer 2

mouth

Question 3

what are unique mammalian behaviors?

Answer 3

suckling and chewing

Question 4

why are suckling and chewing uniquely mammalian behaviors>

Answer 4

because they require muscles of facial expression

Question 5

what does the palate do?

Answer 5

separate nasal and oral cavity, allowing us to use our mouth and breathe through nose simultaneously

Question 6

are palates present in reptiles?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what is the opening for the nose?

Answer 7

choana

Question 8

what bone is important for the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

vomer

Question 9

what makes up the bony part of the nasal cavity?

Answer 9

vomer and ethmoid

Question 10

where is the uncinate process?

Answer 10

bottom of middle nasal conchae on lateral plate of ethmoid

Question 11

what do the middle and inferior nasal conchae do to air inhaled?

Answer 11

spin air to moisturize and warm it

Question 12

what is located underneath the middle nasal conchae?

Answer 12

semilunar hiatus

Question 13

how is the nose vascularized?

Answer 13

hypervascular

Question 14

where does nasal cavity get vascular supply from?

Answer 14

maxillary artery (main), opthalamic artey and facial

Question 15

where does anterior ethmoid supply and where does it branch from?

Answer 15

front of nose, opthalamic

Question 16

the sphenopalatine foramen open into what part of the nose?

Answer 16

lateral

Question 17

what carotid does nose get supply from?

Answer 17

external and internal

Question 18

where does the back of the nose get its supply from?

Answer 18

sphenopalatine artery

Question 19

describe the olfactory nerves

Answer 19

found in top part of nose, drape onto conchae

Question 20

how many odors does a single olfactory cell detect?

Answer 20

1

Question 21

how many olfactory receptor cells are there and how many are active?

Answer 21

1200, 350

Question 22

what odors are detected by pain receptors in trigeminal?

Answer 22

ammonia, menthol, chlorine and capsacian

Question 23

how long do olfactory cells live for?

Answer 23

60-90 days

Question 24

what are olfactory cells embedded in?

Answer 24

olfactory mucosa

Question 25

what transfers smell information to the brain?

Answer 25

olfactory bulb

Question 26

how many olfactory receptor cells communicate with the olfactory bulb in humans?

Answer 26

12 million

Question 27

how many olfactory cells communicate with the olfactory bulb in rats, dogs and bloodhounds?

Answer 27

15 million, 1 billion, 4 billion

Question 28

what happens every hour during the nasal cycle?

Answer 28

inner lining of nostril alternates swelling allowing the other to rest

Question 29

larger and slower odors are usually more easily captured by which nostril?

Answer 29

closed

Question 30

faster and lighter odors are usually captured by which nostril?

Answer 30

open

Question 31

where does mastoid sinus drain?

Answer 31

into ear

Question 32

where does maxillary sinus drain?

Answer 32

up into nose

Question 33

what is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 33

don't have one, are probably a product of the way chondrocranium grows

Question 34

what helps to sweep mucosa uphill?

Answer 34

cilia

Question 35

what does the lacrimal duct drain into?

Answer 35

inferior nasal meatus

Question 36

what drains into the middle nasal meatus?

Answer 36

frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells

Question 37

what do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into?

Answer 37

superior nasal meatus

Question 38

what does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

Answer 38

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 39

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 39

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 40

what does the middle pharyngeal constrictor cover?

Answer 40

hyoid

Question 41

what does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor cover?

Answer 41

thyroid

Question 42

how does the ear vent into the pharynx?

Answer 42

through the eustachin tube

Question 43

the larynx and below the oropharynx is innervated by what?

Answer 43

vagus

Question 44

what part of the pharynx is innervated by glossopharyngeal?

Answer 44

top of epiglottis to back of oropharynx

Question 45

what is the most important function of the pharynx?

Answer 45

swallowing and second is passing air to larynx

Question 46

what is the first step of swallowing?

Answer 46

intrinsic tongue muscles create a trough and propel bolus posteriorly, floor of mouth and hyoid elevate to assist this

Question 47

what is the second step of swallowing?

Answer 47

soft palate moves superiorly to shut off passage to nasopharynx and epiglottis slightly bends over opening of larynx

Question 48

what is the third step of swallowing?

Answer 48

pharynx and larynx elevate as bolus enters oropharynx

Question 49

what is the fourth step of swallowing?

Answer 49

pharyngeal constrictors squeeze bolus inferiorly into esophagus

Question 50

what is a risk that humans face to allow for talking?

Answer 50

choking

Question 51

newborns do not choke because of what?

Answer 51

high larynx that descends with age

Question 52

in newborns, what makes contact with the soft palate?

Answer 52

epiglottis

Question 53

almost all speech is derived from what quantal vowels?

Answer 53

a, i u

Question 54

how is the tongue positioned when making the eee or i sound?

Answer 54

tongue is towards front and top

Question 55

how is the pharynx shaped during the eee or i sound?

Answer 55

narrow in front and wide in back

Question 56

how is the tongue positioned when making the aaa sound?

Answer 56

tongue is low and towards back

Question 57

how is the pharynx shaped when making the aaa sound?

Answer 57

narrow back

Question 58

what is position of the tongue when making the ooo sound?

Answer 58

tongue is towards the top middle

Question 59

what is the shape of the pharynx when making the ooo sound?

Answer 59

narrow top back of mouth

Question 60

what is the semilunar hiatus?

Answer 60

openings of frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses

Question 61

describe paranasal sinuses

Answer 61

mucosa lined bony sacs that grow as we age

Question 62

what travels in the gap above the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

Answer 62

palatal muscle

Question 63

what travels in the gap above the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

Answer 63

stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid ligament and glossopharyngeal

Question 64

what travels in the gap above the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

Answer 64

superior laryngeal and superior thyroid artery

Question 65

what nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?

Answer 65

glossopharyngeal

Question 66

what pharyngeal constrictors are the most responsible for swallowing?

Answer 66

superior and middle