Brain Flashcards
the human CNS bends between what 2 structures?
forebrain and brainstem
what does rostral mean?
towards nose
what are the 7 parts of the CNS?
cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla and spinal cord
what is the late embryonic stage of the cerebrum?
telencephalon
what is the late embryonic stage of the diencephalon?
diencephalon
what is the late embryonic stage of the midbrain?
mesencephalon
what is the late embryonic stage of the cerebellum and the pons?
metencephalon
what is the late embryonic stage of the medulla?
myelencephalon
what is the early embryonic stage of the telencephalon and diencephalon?
prosencephalon
what is the early embryonic stage of the metencephalon and myelencephalon?
rhombencephalon
what comprises the majority of the brain?
cerebral cortex
what cranial nerves were in the prosencephalon?
olfactory and optic
what cranial nerves were in the mesencephalon?
oculomotor and trochlear
what cranial nerves were in the rhombencephalon?
trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibiulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
what is included in the 3 vesicle stage?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
what is included in the 5 vesicle stage?
cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebral aqueduct, pons, cerebellum and medulla
what are ventricles 1 and 2 aka and where are the located?
lateral ventricles on cerebrum
where is the 3rd ventricle locate?
diencephalon, between thalmuses
what ventricle does the optic cups grow out of?
3rd
where is the cerebral aqueduct?
on mesencephalon
where is the 4th ventricle?
between pons/cerebellum and medulla
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
what is the choroid plexus made out of?
specialized glomeruli
what does the choroid plexus produce?
csf
what does csf allow for?
natural buoyancy of brain
how does csf flow out of ventricles into the subarachnoid space?
lateral apertures, median aperture, central canal of spinal cord
what are arachnoid granulations?
outpouching of arachnoid mater through dura, one way valve to allow csf into dural sinus
what does the central sulcus separate?
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
what does the lateral fissure separate?
frontal, parietal and temporal lobe
what is deep to the lateral fissure?
insula
what is the insula aka?
‘5th lobe’
what does gray matter contain and where is it in the brain?
neuron cell bodies, exterior
what does white matter contain and where is it on the brain?
myelinated neuronal axons, interior
what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
executive decision making
what does the primary motor cortex do?
motor signal originates here
what does the primary somatosensory cortex do?
general sensation is relayed here
what is broca’s area responsible for?
speech production, (on left side of brain)
what is wernicke’s area responsible for?
speech comprehension (on left side)
what does not go through the thalamus?
olfactory cortex
what are the 3 types of axonal bundles?
association fibers, commissural fibers and projection fibers
describe association fibers
connect cerebral regions in the same hemisphere, both short and long
describe commissural fibers
connect cerebral regions between hemispheres
describe projection fibers
connect cerebrum to other parts of cns
what is the superior longitudinal fasciculus?
association fiber that connects caudal and rostral parts of cerebrum
what is the inferior longitudinal fasciculus?
association fiber - runs down temporal lobe from occipital lobe
what is the perpendicular fasciculus
association fiber - spans occipital lobe
what is the uncinate fasciculus?
association fiber - connects part of temporal lobe with the frontal lobe
what is the major commissural fiber?
corpus callosum
what does the anterior commissure link?
amygdala
what does the posterior commisure link?
2 brain regions responsible for pupillary reflex
what is the most important projection fiber?
internal capsule
where is the caudate located?
medial to internal capsule
where are the putamen and globus pallidus?
lateral to internal capsule
what is the basal ganglia responsible for?
eye mvmt, motivation, decision making, working memory
where does the basal ganglia come from?
prosencephalon and mesencephalon
where are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus located?
telencephalon
what are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus responsible for?
work with thalamus and amygdala
what does the internal capsule separate?
thalamus and putamen/caudate
what is included in the telencephalon?
basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala
what is included in the diencephalon?
thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
what is included in the brain stem?
edge of cerebrum, midbrain, edge of cerebellum, pons, medulla, spinal cord
what is the thalamus responsible for?
relays sensory signals to cortex and response back to body, allows amplification and depression of certain signal
describe the epithalamus
largely made up of the pineal gland, linked to thalamus, produces hormones that regulates circadian rhythm
what did the epithalamus used to be?
‘3rd eye’
what does they hypothalamus regulate?
appetite, sexual desire, body temp, emotional response, circadian rhythm, regulate hormones
what comes off the hypothalamus and what is it responsible for?
mammillary body, role in recollective memory
what is the role of the pituitary gland/hypothesis?
produces, stores and excretes a large amount of hormones that regulate many functions, is the master gland
what are the 2 ways that the body communicates with itself?
neural impulses and hormones
what kind of responsibilities does the limbic system have?
memories, emotions and reactions
what does the reptilian brain of the limbic system control?
basic bodily functions and internal milieu
what does the cortex part of the limbic system contribute to?
analyzing ext envt and making higher level decision
what are the basic structures contained within the limbic system?
thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus
what are the learning and memory functions of the limbic system?
hippocampus codes and sorts memories, places memories into short term and long term
what are the 3 types of reactions and responses of the limbic system in order of increasingly higher levels of thinking?
physiological response, behavioral response, psychological response
what is included in physiological response?
hormonal and hemostatic response, involves hypothalamus, connected with autonomic responses and emotional states that are acute and chronic
what is included in the behavioral response?
physiological adjustments involving complex motor activities, involves amygdala and hypothalamus, recruits midbrain and activates fight or flight
what is included in the psychological reactions?
involves psychological and emotional reactions to stimuli, involves cortex, uses memory and consciousness to influence decision making and planning
what is included in the mesencephalon?
tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, tectum and corpora quadrigemina
what is the tegmentum?
anterior part of midbrain, important housing for the nuclei of the cranial nerbes
what connects the cerebrum and pons?
cerebral peduncle
describe the tectum
posterior part of midbrain, main body is corpra quadrigemina
what are the 2 parts of the corpora quadrigemina?
superior colliculus: visual reflexes
inferior colliculus: auditiory/startle reflex
where is the substania nigra located and what does it do?
tegmentum, interacts with superior colliculus, thalamus and basal ganglia to assist in eye mvmt, indirect motor control vua amplifying and depressing motor signals in thalamus
what condition has no substantia nigra?
parkinsons
what is in the metencephalon?
pons and cerebellum
what are the 2 main functions of the pons?
sensory and motor relay, central pattern generator for respiration, swallowing, bladder control, equilibrium and posture
what does the cerebellum do?
smooth coordination of mvmts
what is included in the myelencephalon?
olive and pyramid
what are the 2 parts of the medulla?
olive and pyramid
what do the olive and pyramid do?
role in involuntary functions related to cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor and vomitting
what is the end of the pyramids?
terminal point of all decussation (crossing over)
where are motor cranial nerves commonly located compared to sensory oriented?
midline, lateral
what are the 3 primary arteries feeding the head?
external carotid, internal carotid and vertebral
describe the routes of the 3 feeding arteries of head
ext carotid: splits from common carotid, supplies face, scalp and meninges
int carotid: splits from common carotid and supplies brain via circle of willis
vertebral: splits from subclavian, joins contralateral partner to form basilar that supplies brain via circle of willis
where does the pituitary gland send its hormones through?
cavernous sinus
where does the anterior cerebral artery run?
up midline looping around central stem part of brain
where does middle cerebral artery run?
laterally feeding major central part of cerebral cortex
where does the posterior cerebral artery run?
straight back along midline and looping back onto back of brain
