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Head and Neck Anatomy > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

the human CNS bends between what 2 structures?

A

forebrain and brainstem

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2
Q

what does rostral mean?

A

towards nose

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3
Q

what are the 7 parts of the CNS?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla and spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the late embryonic stage of the cerebrum?

A

telencephalon

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5
Q

what is the late embryonic stage of the diencephalon?

A

diencephalon

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6
Q

what is the late embryonic stage of the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

what is the late embryonic stage of the cerebellum and the pons?

A

metencephalon

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8
Q

what is the late embryonic stage of the medulla?

A

myelencephalon

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9
Q

what is the early embryonic stage of the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

prosencephalon

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10
Q

what is the early embryonic stage of the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

rhombencephalon

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11
Q

what comprises the majority of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

what cranial nerves were in the prosencephalon?

A

olfactory and optic

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13
Q

what cranial nerves were in the mesencephalon?

A

oculomotor and trochlear

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14
Q

what cranial nerves were in the rhombencephalon?

A

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibiulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

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15
Q

what is included in the 3 vesicle stage?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord

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16
Q

what is included in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebral aqueduct, pons, cerebellum and medulla

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17
Q

what are ventricles 1 and 2 aka and where are the located?

A

lateral ventricles on cerebrum

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18
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle locate?

A

diencephalon, between thalmuses

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19
Q

what ventricle does the optic cups grow out of?

A

3rd

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20
Q

where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

on mesencephalon

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21
Q

where is the 4th ventricle?

A

between pons/cerebellum and medulla

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22
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

what is the choroid plexus made out of?

A

specialized glomeruli

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24
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce?

A

csf

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25
Q

what does csf allow for?

A

natural buoyancy of brain

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26
Q

how does csf flow out of ventricles into the subarachnoid space?

A

lateral apertures, median aperture, central canal of spinal cord

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27
Q

what are arachnoid granulations?

A

outpouching of arachnoid mater through dura, one way valve to allow csf into dural sinus

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28
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

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29
Q

what does the lateral fissure separate?

A

frontal, parietal and temporal lobe

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30
Q

what is deep to the lateral fissure?

A

insula

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31
Q

what is the insula aka?

A

‘5th lobe’

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32
Q

what does gray matter contain and where is it in the brain?

A

neuron cell bodies, exterior

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33
Q

what does white matter contain and where is it on the brain?

A

myelinated neuronal axons, interior

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34
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

executive decision making

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35
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

motor signal originates here

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36
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

general sensation is relayed here

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37
Q

what is broca’s area responsible for?

A

speech production, (on left side of brain)

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38
Q

what is wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

speech comprehension (on left side)

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39
Q

what does not go through the thalamus?

A

olfactory cortex

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40
Q

what are the 3 types of axonal bundles?

A

association fibers, commissural fibers and projection fibers

41
Q

describe association fibers

A

connect cerebral regions in the same hemisphere, both short and long

42
Q

describe commissural fibers

A

connect cerebral regions between hemispheres

43
Q

describe projection fibers

A

connect cerebrum to other parts of cns

44
Q

what is the superior longitudinal fasciculus?

A

association fiber that connects caudal and rostral parts of cerebrum

45
Q

what is the inferior longitudinal fasciculus?

A

association fiber - runs down temporal lobe from occipital lobe

46
Q

what is the perpendicular fasciculus

A

association fiber - spans occipital lobe

47
Q

what is the uncinate fasciculus?

A

association fiber - connects part of temporal lobe with the frontal lobe

48
Q

what is the major commissural fiber?

A

corpus callosum

49
Q

what does the anterior commissure link?

A

amygdala

50
Q

what does the posterior commisure link?

A

2 brain regions responsible for pupillary reflex

51
Q

what is the most important projection fiber?

A

internal capsule

52
Q

where is the caudate located?

A

medial to internal capsule

53
Q

where are the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

lateral to internal capsule

54
Q

what is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

eye mvmt, motivation, decision making, working memory

55
Q

where does the basal ganglia come from?

A

prosencephalon and mesencephalon

56
Q

where are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus located?

A

telencephalon

57
Q

what are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus responsible for?

A

work with thalamus and amygdala

58
Q

what does the internal capsule separate?

A

thalamus and putamen/caudate

59
Q

what is included in the telencephalon?

A

basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala

60
Q

what is included in the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland

61
Q

what is included in the brain stem?

A

edge of cerebrum, midbrain, edge of cerebellum, pons, medulla, spinal cord

62
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for?

A

relays sensory signals to cortex and response back to body, allows amplification and depression of certain signal

63
Q

describe the epithalamus

A

largely made up of the pineal gland, linked to thalamus, produces hormones that regulates circadian rhythm

64
Q

what did the epithalamus used to be?

A

‘3rd eye’

65
Q

what does they hypothalamus regulate?

A

appetite, sexual desire, body temp, emotional response, circadian rhythm, regulate hormones

66
Q

what comes off the hypothalamus and what is it responsible for?

A

mammillary body, role in recollective memory

67
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland/hypothesis?

A

produces, stores and excretes a large amount of hormones that regulate many functions, is the master gland

68
Q

what are the 2 ways that the body communicates with itself?

A

neural impulses and hormones

69
Q

what kind of responsibilities does the limbic system have?

A

memories, emotions and reactions

70
Q

what does the reptilian brain of the limbic system control?

A

basic bodily functions and internal milieu

71
Q

what does the cortex part of the limbic system contribute to?

A

analyzing ext envt and making higher level decision

72
Q

what are the basic structures contained within the limbic system?

A

thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus

73
Q

what are the learning and memory functions of the limbic system?

A

hippocampus codes and sorts memories, places memories into short term and long term

74
Q

what are the 3 types of reactions and responses of the limbic system in order of increasingly higher levels of thinking?

A

physiological response, behavioral response, psychological response

75
Q

what is included in physiological response?

A

hormonal and hemostatic response, involves hypothalamus, connected with autonomic responses and emotional states that are acute and chronic

76
Q

what is included in the behavioral response?

A

physiological adjustments involving complex motor activities, involves amygdala and hypothalamus, recruits midbrain and activates fight or flight

77
Q

what is included in the psychological reactions?

A

involves psychological and emotional reactions to stimuli, involves cortex, uses memory and consciousness to influence decision making and planning

78
Q

what is included in the mesencephalon?

A

tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, tectum and corpora quadrigemina

79
Q

what is the tegmentum?

A

anterior part of midbrain, important housing for the nuclei of the cranial nerbes

80
Q

what connects the cerebrum and pons?

A

cerebral peduncle

81
Q

describe the tectum

A

posterior part of midbrain, main body is corpra quadrigemina

82
Q

what are the 2 parts of the corpora quadrigemina?

A

superior colliculus: visual reflexes

inferior colliculus: auditiory/startle reflex

83
Q

where is the substania nigra located and what does it do?

A

tegmentum, interacts with superior colliculus, thalamus and basal ganglia to assist in eye mvmt, indirect motor control vua amplifying and depressing motor signals in thalamus

84
Q

what condition has no substantia nigra?

A

parkinsons

85
Q

what is in the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

86
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the pons?

A

sensory and motor relay, central pattern generator for respiration, swallowing, bladder control, equilibrium and posture

87
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

smooth coordination of mvmts

88
Q

what is included in the myelencephalon?

A

olive and pyramid

89
Q

what are the 2 parts of the medulla?

A

olive and pyramid

90
Q

what do the olive and pyramid do?

A

role in involuntary functions related to cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor and vomitting

91
Q

what is the end of the pyramids?

A

terminal point of all decussation (crossing over)

92
Q

where are motor cranial nerves commonly located compared to sensory oriented?

A

midline, lateral

93
Q

what are the 3 primary arteries feeding the head?

A

external carotid, internal carotid and vertebral

94
Q

describe the routes of the 3 feeding arteries of head

A

ext carotid: splits from common carotid, supplies face, scalp and meninges
int carotid: splits from common carotid and supplies brain via circle of willis
vertebral: splits from subclavian, joins contralateral partner to form basilar that supplies brain via circle of willis

95
Q

where does the pituitary gland send its hormones through?

A

cavernous sinus

96
Q

where does the anterior cerebral artery run?

A

up midline looping around central stem part of brain

97
Q

where does middle cerebral artery run?

A

laterally feeding major central part of cerebral cortex

98
Q

where does the posterior cerebral artery run?

A

straight back along midline and looping back onto back of brain

Head and Neck Anatomy (9 decks)

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