Organization of Head and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the 5 parts of the total body segment is not included in the head and neck?
A
Urogenital System
2
Q
Which of the 5 parts of the total body segment has the greatest elaboration?
A
Gut tube
3
Q
What is included in the neural tube for the head and neck?
A
brain stem, brain, cranial nerves, eyes, olfactory bulb and neural ear
4
Q
What is included in the cardiovascular loop for the head and neck?
A
vasculature and lymphatics
5
Q
What is included in the gut tube for the head and neck?
A
nose, mouth, ears, facial/chewing/swallowing muscles, parasympathetics, pharynx and larynx
6
Q
What is included in the body wall for the head and neck?
A
skull, cornea, pinna, skin and hair
7
Q
What commands/directs body wall?
A
neural tube
8
Q
What 2 total body segments have a partnership?
A
neural tube and gut tube
9
Q
What is interposed between neural tube and gut tube?
A
notochord
10
Q
What are the 4 parts of the brain stem
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
11
Q
What is in the forebrain?
A
diencephalon and cerebral cortex
12
Q
What is in the midbrain?
A
midbrain
13
Q
What is in the hindbrain?
A
pons, medulla, cerebellum
14
Q
What are the two elaborations of the brain stem?
A
cerebral cortex and cerebellum
15
Q
What role was the forebrain originally formed for?
A
chemical detection and olfactory signals
16
Q
What role was the midbrain originally formed for?
A
vision
17
Q
What was the hindbrain originally formed for?
A
feeding and detection of mechanical wave stimuli
18
Q
What are the 4 partnerships between the neural and gut tube?
A
olfactory, hearing/balance, taste and vision
19
Q
the glandular components of head and neck are derived from what?
A
gut tube
20
Q
Where do all cranial nerves project from?
A
neural tube
21
Q
what facial cavity is derived from the neural tube?
A
eye
22
Q
what facial cavities are derived from the gut tube?
A
hearing, balance, taste and smell
23
Q
What do the ear, eye, nose and mouth all begin as?
A
pits in ectoderm of embryonic head
24
Q
describe the development of the nose
A
specialized patches of ectoderm develop into neurons and convey smell to the brain
25
describe the development of the eye
lens of eye develops from invagination of embryonic ectoderm, retina forms from the outgrowth of the brain that wraps around the lens
26
describe the development of the ear
invaginating ectodermal pit remains in its cavity, fluid filled sac becomes a system of tubules (hearing/balance)
27
describe the development of the tongue
specialized flap of chemically sensitive tissue contained in the oral cavity which ruptures through the ectoderm to form the oral opening, tongue muscles came later
28
Which 4 nerves develop from the arches?
trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
29
What are the 3 developmental components of the skull?
dermatocranium, chondrocranium and splanchnocranium
30
describe dermatocranium
derived from neural crest and skin, shielding bone coats and protects neural and gut tubes, provides framework for gut tube openings
31
What are some examples of dermatocranium?
clavicles and teeth
32
describe chondrocranium
derived from pre-chordal cartilage (extensions of notochord), cups and supports neural tube
33
What coats chondrocranium?
dermatocranium
34
describe splanchnocranium
hangs from underside of chondrocranium, derived from gill bars, framework of head's gut tube, some of it is replaced by dermatocranium
35
what bones are made of chondrocranium?
ethmoid
36
what bones are made of splanchnocranium?
hyoid, stapes, incus, malleus
37
what bones are made of dermatocranium?
frontal, parietal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, palatine
38
what bone is made of both chondrocranium and dermatocranium?
occipital
39
what bones are made of dermatocranium and splanchnocranium?
maxilla and mandible
40
what bones are made from all 3?
sphenoid and temporal
41
why does dermatocranium replace splanchnocranium in the jaw?
dermatocranium can grow teeth
42
what are the muscles of the head and neck derived from?
pharyngeal arch muscles, occipital somite muscles and preotic somitomere muscles
43
describe pharyngeal arch muscles
derived from gill bars, specialized gut tube muscles innervated by brachial arch, feeding nerves
44
describe occipital somite muscles
derived from cranial most somites, innervated by motor only cranial nerves from back end of brain stem
45
describe preotic somitomere muscles
derived from somitomeres (neural crest), related to eye, innervated by motor only cranial nerves from in and around midbrain
46
all tongue muscles are derived from what?
occipital somites
47
the extraoccular muscles are derived from what?
preotic somitomeres
48
What is the superficial muscle of the neck?
platysma
49
What is platysma innervated by
cervical branch of facial nerve
50
what does platysma do?
manipulate skin of face
51
what does the external cervical fascia cover?
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
52
what does the middle cervical fascia cover?
infrahyoid strap muscles
53
what does the pretracheal fascia cover?
surrounds thyroid gland
54
what is the paniculus camosa?
specialized sheet of muscle, humans lost all except platysma and pyrimidalis
55
what is the 'danger space' and why is it called that?
between alar and prevertebral fascia, it is called this because it is a continuous space from the head and neck to the thorax
56
what links the pretrachial fascia and the carotid sheaths on either side of the brain?
alar/buccopharyngeal fascias
57
what makes up the posterior triangle?
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle
58
what muscles make up the floor of the posterior triangle?
splenius, levator scapulae, the scalenes, omohyoid
59
what are the scalenes homologous to?
intercostals
60
what nerves pass through posterior triangle?
accessory nerve, phrenic nerve, cutaneous nerves of neck, dorsal scapular nerve, C3 and C4 joining accessory nerve, long thoracic nerve, brachial plexus
61
what are the cutaneous nerves of the neck?
lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular
62
what arteries pass through posterior triangle?
suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery
63
what vein passes through the posterior triangle?
external jugular vein
64
where do the cutaneous nerves of the neck emerge from?
external cervical fascia around erb's point
65
what cranial nerve is spinal accessory nerve?
11
66
what does spinal accessory innervate?
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
67
how does spinal accessory nerve exit the skull?
via jugular foramen
68
what is the internal jugular deep to?
sternocleidomastoid
69
where can you find communicating vein?
along forward boundary of sternocleidomastoid
70
what direction does the transverse cervical nerve travel?
forward
71
what direction does the transverse cervical artery travel?
backwards
72
what artery goes to deep neck?
ascending cervical artery
73
what artery goes to the thyroid?
inferior thyroid artery
74
where does the vertebral artery go?
runs through transverse foramena to brain
75
what artery feeds both thyroid and neck?
thyrocervical trunk
76
give the order of scalenes and neurovasculature from superficial to deep
posterior scalene, middle scalene, neurovasculature, anterior scalene
77
what travels within the carotid sheath?
vagus, carotid, internal jugular, glossopharyngeal, accessory
78
what travels just posterior to the carotid sheath?
sympathetic trunk
79
Where is the ansa cervicalis located?
anterior to carotid sheath
80
what 2 branches does the ansa cervicalis have?
superior and inferior
81
what contributes to the inferior branch of ansa cervicalis?
C2 and C3
82
what contributes to the superior branch of ansa cervicalis?
C1
83
what type of innervation does ansa cervicalis provide and to where?
motor to infrahyoid
84
what are the 3 types of ansa cervicalis and how common are they?
classic/lateral: 33%
medial 63%
mixed: 3%
85
describe the classical/lateral type of ansa cervicalis
C2 and C3 run in front of external jugular
86
describe the medial type of ansa cervicalis
C2 and C3 run behind external jugular
87
describe the mixed type of ansa cervicalis
C2 goes behind external jugular but C3 goes in front
88
what are the 3 long routes up to the neck?
common carotid, vertebral and deep cervical
89
describe the common carotid route
bifurcates into external and internal carotids at the carotid sinus
90
describe the vertebral route
runs within transverse formamina of the cervical vertebrae all the way to the circle of Willis
91
describe deep cervical
small vessel for epaxial muscles of neck
92
which neck muscle is epaxial?
splenius
93
what artery does not branch until it reaches the brain?
internal carotid artery
94
how many arteries branch off of external jugular?
8
95
what are the 8 branches that the external carotid gives off?
superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricle, maxillary, superficial temporal
96
which are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
maxillary, superficial temporal
97
Why is the facial artery tortuous?
to stretch when opening mouth
98
what artery branches off of larynx
superior thyroid
99
what nerves interact with the external carotid?
glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, vagus and sympathetic trunk
100
where does glossopharyngeal course?
between external and internal carotid
101
where does hypoglossal course?
lateral to carotids
102
where does vagus and sympathetic trunk course?
parallel and posterior to internal carotid
103
Describe the stylopharyngeus
inserts onto pharynx, lifts it in swallowing, parallel to glossopharyngeal between carotids
104
describe stylohyoid
off of styloid process, splits around tendinous part of digastric
105
what hyoid muscles are part of one strip and where do they split?
thyrohyoid/sternohyid split at thyroid cartilage
106
what are the infrahyoid muscles homologous to?
rectus of thorax/abdomen
107
where do the infrahyoid muscles get their innervation?
special innervation from ansa cervicalis
108
what are muscles above the hyoid innervated by?
cranial nerves
109
what are muscles below the hyoid innervated by?
spinal nerves
110
what is the only exception to cranial nerve innervation being above the hyoid?
geniohyoid inn by hypoglossal
111
what makes up the anterior triangle?
lower border of mandible, sternocleidomastoid, midline
112
what 2 structures make up the floor of the anterior triangle?
vertebrae and longus colli
113
what structure are within the anterior triangle?
pharynx, esophagus, hyoid muscles, thyroid, larynx, parathyroids, carotid and internal jugular
114
What is a specialized gut tube gland?
thyroid gland
115
what is the foramen cecum?
where thyroid descended through tongue
116
How does the thyroid gland (and parathyroid and thymus) develop?
from the brachial arches in association with the tongue, descend to take up positions anterior to gut tube surrounding cricoid cartilage or anterior mediastinum
117
What is the thyroid gland shaped like?
butterfly
118
What is the thyroid gland innervated by?
vagus (parasympathetic) and cervical sympathetic ganglia (sympathetic)
119
How does the thyroid gland get its blood supply?
superior and inferior thyroid artery
120
what are the 3 drainage pathways for the thyroid gland?
superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein
121
What is the function of the thyroid?
thyroid releases hormones into blood stream to regulate metab
122
what is parathyroid innervated by?
vagus (parasympathetic) and cervical sympathetic ganglia (sympathetic)
123
why does the thyroid have 3 separate veins for drainage?
for better dispersal of hormones
124
what does the parathyroid regulate?
calcium levels
