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Head and Neck Anatomy > Cranial Fossae and the Eye > Flashcards

Cranial Fossae and the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what is the only bone made completely out of chondrocranium?

A

ethmoid

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2
Q

all nerves and vessels going in and out of the cranial vault go through what?

A

chondrocranium

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3
Q

what is the only thing that pierces through the dermatocranium of the facial skeleton?

A

trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

what cranial bone is in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

ethmoid

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5
Q

what cranial bones are in the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid and temporal

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6
Q

what cranial bone is in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

occipital

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7
Q

what growth plates does the face lengthen from?

A

spheno-ethmoid synchondrosis, midsphenoid synchondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis

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8
Q

what is dwarfism caused by?

A

premature fusing of growth plates

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9
Q

what is considered the ‘center piece’ of the skull?

A

sphenoid

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10
Q

what is the greater wing of sphenoid made out of and what does it look like?

A

dermatocranium, flares out

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11
Q

what is the lesser wing of sphenoid made out of and where is it?

A

chondrocranium, interior

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12
Q

what are the medial and lateral pterygoid plates made out of?

A

dermatocranium

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13
Q

what are our chewing apparatuses made out of?

A

dermatocranium with some chondrocranium

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14
Q

describe the sella turcica

A

tuberculum sellae, hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, saddle-like frame, made of tight dura, contains pituitary

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15
Q

what are the 2 grooves on either side of the sella turcica called?

A

carotid grooves

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16
Q

what does the pterygopalatine fossa house?

A

sphenopalatine/pterygopalatine ganglion

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17
Q

what foramen are within the sphenoid?

A

superior orbital fissure, optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

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18
Q

where do the superior orbital fissure and optic canal lead to?

A

orbit

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19
Q

what do foramen ovale and foramen spinosum lead to?

A

drop into infratemporal fossa

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20
Q

what does the foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal lead to?

A

sphenopalatine recess

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21
Q

what bone contains crista galli and cribiform?

A

ethmoid

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22
Q

what is the main drainage for the brain?

A

sigmoid sinus

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23
Q

what does the sigmoid sinus become in the jugular foramen?

A

internal jugular

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24
Q

what is within the internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial, superior vestibular, inferior vestibular, cochlear, Bill’s bar

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25
Q

what is Bill’s bar

A

bone that separates facial from rest of nerves

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26
Q

what opens into the orbit?

A

superior and inferior orbital fissure and optic canal

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27
Q

what is within the superior orbital fissure?

A

lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, superior and inferior branches of oculomotor nerves, nasociliary nerve, abducens nerve and superior opthalamic vein

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28
Q

what is within the optic canal?

A

optic nerve and opthalamic artery

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29
Q

what is in the inferior orbital fissure?

A

zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve

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30
Q

what opens out of the orbit?

A

supraorbital foramen, nasolacrimal canal/duct

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31
Q

what is in the supraorbital foramen?

A

supraorbital VAN

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32
Q

what passes in the floor of the orbit?

A

infraorbital foramen

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33
Q

what is in the infraorbital foramen?

A

infraorbital VAN

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34
Q

what is the superior tarsal plate made out of?

A

firm low grade cartilage

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35
Q

describe the conjunctiva

A

membrane on inner eyelids and outer eyeballs, lubricates eyeball, moves with and is affixed to eyeball, part of gut tube (brings in photons)

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36
Q

what muscle lifts the eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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37
Q

what is affixed to the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

superior tarsal muscle

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38
Q

what does the superior tarsal muscle do?

A

lifts eyelid when it relaxes eye, can’t keep eyes open, smooth mm, autonomic control

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39
Q

what does the tarsal gland produce?

A

meibum

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40
Q

what is meibum?

A

oily substance secreted by tarsal gland that thickens tears

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41
Q

what causes styes?

A

blockage of tarsal gland

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42
Q

describe the route of a tear

A

superior lateral lacrimal gland leaks tear onto surface of eye into conjuctiva, eye closes faster on lateral side compared to medial causing tear to sweep more midline towards canaliculi and is taken up by nasolacrimal duct

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43
Q

what does the inferior nasal meatus drain?

A

tears

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44
Q

what is within the common tendinous ring?

A

optic canal, abducens, superior and inferior oculomotor, nasociliary nerve

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45
Q

where do the 4 recti muscles originate from?

A

common tendinous ring

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46
Q

what are the extraocular muscles?

A

superior, medial, lateral and inferior rectus, superior and inferior oblique

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47
Q

what extraocular muscles arise from the lesser wing of sphenoid?

A

superior oblique and levator palpebrae

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48
Q

what does the inferior oblique arise from?

A

maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal foramen

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49
Q

what do the obliques attach onto?

A

posterior aspect of globe of eye

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50
Q

what do the recti attach onto?

A

anterior aspect of globe of eye

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51
Q

where does oculomotor split into its 2 divisons?

A

cavernous sinus

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52
Q

what extraocular muscles does the superior division of oculomotor innervate?

A

superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris

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53
Q

what extraoculomotor muscles does the inferior division of oculomotor innervate?

A

inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

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54
Q

what extraocular muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

superior oblique

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55
Q

what extraocular muscle does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

lateral rectus

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56
Q

describe the optical axis

A

points forward where pupil is pointed during rest

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57
Q

describe the orbital axis

A

orientation of bones and muscles points later and out

58
Q

what degree of rotation do they eyes have on the transverse plane away from each other

A

25 degrees

59
Q

what prevents the inferior and superior rectus muscles from having purely sagittal actions?

A

misalignment of the axis of they eye and axis of the orbit

60
Q

what eye movement does the lateral rectus perform?

A

abducts eye

61
Q

what eye movement does the medial rectus perform?

A

adducts eye

62
Q

what eye movement does the inferior oblique perform?

A

moves eye up and out

63
Q

what eye movement does the superior rectus perform?

A

moves eye up and in

64
Q

what eye movement does the superior oblique perform?

A

moves eye down and out

65
Q

what eye movement does the inferior rectus perform?

A

moves eye down and in

66
Q

describe intorsion

A

top of eyeball moves in towards nose (superior oblique and rectus)

67
Q

describe extorsion

A

top of eyeball moves out away from nose (inferior oblique and rectus)

68
Q

what does intorsion and extorsion allow?

A

rotate eyeballs to keep planar when tilting head

69
Q

what muscles assist in intorsion?

A

superior rectus and oblique

70
Q

what muscles assist in extorsion?

A

inferior rectus and oblque

71
Q

how does the orbit get its blood supply?

A

opthalamic artery (1st branch off internal carotid)

72
Q

what artery dives into optic erve?

A

central artery of retina

73
Q

what drains the eye?

A

superior opthalamic

74
Q

what do zonular fibers do?

A

suspend lens in place

75
Q

what are the ciliary body and muscles continuous with?

A

choroid layer

76
Q

the retina is?

A

photosensitive

77
Q

the choroid layer contains?

A

vasculature

78
Q

what is the sclera made out of and what is it continuous with?

A

connective tissue and collagen, continuous with cornea

79
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

focuses primary lens far away bending light on retina

80
Q

what does the lens do?

A

changes shape

81
Q

what do the anterior and posterior chambers contain?

A

aqueous humor

82
Q

what does the iris divide?

A

anterior and posterior chamber

83
Q

what does the vitreous body contain?

A

vitreous humor

84
Q

what does vitreous humor do?

A

provide structure to eye

85
Q

what part of the eye is a former artery?

A

hyaloid canal

86
Q

what does the fovea centralis contain?

A

cones

87
Q

what part of the eye makes aqueous humor?

A

ciliary process

88
Q

what does the iris do?

A

controls amount of light entering eye

89
Q

what feeds the cornea and lens?

A

aqueous humor

90
Q

what drains back into the venous of the eye?

A

canal of schlemm

91
Q

what 2 muscles make up the iris?

A

sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

92
Q

what part of the eye is the cornea primarily responsible for focusing?

A

anterior eye

93
Q

describe what happens to the eye with far vision?

A

thin lens is pulled flat to bend less light accommodating for far vision

94
Q

describe what happens to the eye during near vision

A

thick lens bends light to focus it onto fovea centralis

95
Q

what happens during far accomodation?

A

ciliary body relaxes, zonular fibers are taught, vitreous body expands (pushes fully onto sclera), pupils dilate, lens is flattened

96
Q

what happens during near accomodation?

A

ciliary body contracts, zonular fibers relax, vitreous body is compressed, pupil contracts, lens relaxes and is rounded

97
Q

only what type of innervation goes to ciliary body?

A

parasympathetic

98
Q

what happens during hyperopia?

A

lens gets stiffer, ciliary body and muscles get weaker and are not bending light enough

99
Q

what happens during myopia?

A

too much light is bent, eye is too long or lens is too thick

100
Q

what part of they eye contains the greatest number of photosensitive cells?

A

macula

101
Q

what are rods and cones?

A

highly derived cilia

102
Q

rods are sensitive to?

A

light

103
Q

cones are sensitive to?

A

color

104
Q

describe what rods are used for?

A

night vision contrast and light intensity

105
Q

what are cones used for?

A

color, they are only activated at a particular wavelength and need a large amount of light to operate

106
Q

describe the neuroanatomy of the eye from the front to the back

A

vitreous body, nerve fibers to optic nerve, retinal support cells, rod and cone nuclei, rod and cone outer segments, pigment epithelium, choroid layer, sclera

107
Q

what does the pigment epithelium do?

A

absorb light

108
Q

what are the rods and cone stimulated by?

A

photons

109
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

the blind spot, all of the optic nerve coalesces back to

110
Q

what light is absorbed most?

A

blue

111
Q

why are men more likely to be red-green colorblind than women?

A

gene is located on x chromosome

112
Q

what is the superior colliculus responsible for?

A

blinkng reflex

113
Q

what does the medial part of the optic chiasm do?

A

gather information from lateral part of vision of opposite eye

114
Q

what does the lateral part of the optic chiasm do?

A

gather information from medial part of vision of opposite eye

115
Q

what will cross over in the optic chiasm and what will not?

A

medial will cross over, lateral will not

116
Q

what is responsible for the startle reflex?

A

inferior colliculus

117
Q

when do the growth plates in the skull stop growing?

A

early adulthood

118
Q

the chondrocranium grows similarly to what?

A

long bones

119
Q

where within the sella turcica does the pituitary sit?

A

hypophyseal fossa

120
Q

what attaches at the pterygoid hammulus?

A

tensor veli palatini

121
Q

what bone is the pterygoid hamulus part of?

A

sphenoid

122
Q

where is the pterygomandibular raphe?

A

pterygoid hook to mandible

123
Q

what bones make up the orbit?

A

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, palatine and lacrimal

124
Q

what does the superior orbital fissure create a passage between?

A

cranial vault and orbit

125
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure create a passage between?

A

facial skeleton and orbit

126
Q

what vessel passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

inferior opthalamic vein

127
Q

what lines the orbit?

A

periorbita

128
Q

what is the only eye muscle that does not arise from the back of the orbit?

A

inferior oblique

129
Q

where is the pterygoid plexus?

A

within the infratemporal fossa

130
Q

what forms the choroid layer?

A

posterior ciliary arteries

131
Q

what humor is in the anterior chamber?

A

aqueous

132
Q

what humor is in the posterior chamber?

A

vitreous

133
Q

why is the sclera white?

A

collagen

134
Q

what is normal vision called?

A

emmetropia

135
Q

what is nearsightedness called?

A

myopia

136
Q

what is farsightedness called?

A

hyperopia

137
Q

what lens is used to correct myopia?

A

concave to bend light more

138
Q

what lens is used to correct hyperopia?

A

convex to bend light less

139
Q

what parts of a rod or cone is stimulated by photon?

A

outer segment

140
Q

what are the 3 cone colors?

A

red, green and blue

Head and Neck Anatomy (9 decks)

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