the digestive system

Question 1

function of the mouth

Answer 1

• grinds
• tears
• prehention
• chewing
• lubrication of food

Question 2

function of the tongue

Answer 2

• clean wounds
• get food
• catch insects
• contains enzymes
• venom

Question 3

give the structure and function of incisors

Answer 3

chisel shaped with a sharp narrow edge
to cut food

Question 4

give the structure and function of molars

Answer 4

large flat surface, dip in centre
chewing, crushing, grinding

Question 5

give the structure and function of canines

Answer 5

sharp pointy edge, deep rooted
to tear food

Question 6

give the structure and function of premolars

Answer 6

smaller version of molars
tear, crush, grind

Question 7

structure and function of oesophagus

Answer 7

muscular tube - mouth to stomach - food and liquid moved by peristataltic waves.
pushes food from mouth to stomach

Question 8

structure of stomach

Answer 8

stomach wall has 4 layers
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa

Question 9

function of stomach

Answer 9

produces enzymes and acids that break down food so it can pass to the small intestine. food stays in human stomach for about 3 hours

Question 10

whare are gastric juices made

Answer 10

glands in the lining of the stomach

Question 11

what do gastric juices do

Answer 11

absorb nutrients, break down food, split up proteins, kill bacteria

Question 12

structure and function of small intestine

Answer 12

about 22 feet long, lined with layers of tissure ans muscle
absorbs nutrients

Question 13

name the 3 parts of the small intestine

Answer 13

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Question 14

what is the duodenum

Answer 14

first part of the small intestine that the stomach feeds into
short descending tube that curves around the pancreas in a c shape before connecting to rest of coil

Question 15

what is the jejunum

Answer 15

middle part, coil in the lower abdominal cavity, many blood vessels

Question 16

what is the ileum

Answer 16

last section, longest, thin narrow walls, blood supply is reduced. the food spends the most time here therefore it is where most nutrients are absorbed

Question 17

qhat are the 4 parts of the large intestine

Answer 17

4 parts,
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
- anal canal

Question 18

function of large intestine

Answer 18

food moves through the cecum into the colon where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed

Question 19

structure and function of cecum

Answer 19

absorbs electrolytes and water
a pouch or tube-like structure in the lower abdominal cavity

Question 20

structure and function of colon

Answer 20

longest part
receives food from cecum
absorbs water and nutrients
passes to rectum

Question 21

structure and function of the rectum

Answer 21

last part
15cm long
receives from colon
stores waste until it can be passed out through the anus

Question 22

structure and function of pancreas

Answer 22

sits in the “C” of the small intestine, about the size of a hand and roughly triangular.
makes enzymes to break down molecules in the duodenum

Question 23

give some adaptations of the horse digestive system

Answer 23

• enlarged cecum where fermentation occurs, this also allows for a high fibre diet
• small stomach, cant eat much at once, food passes through quickly
• fibre acts as a layer over the stomach to stop the acid damaging the walls and stops intestine getting tangled

Question 24

give adaptations of the carnivore digestive system

Answer 24

• larger stomach
• protein digestive enzyme not made in mouth so no need to mix food with saliva therefore they can swallow meat whole
• have “gorge “ and “starve” days
• can hold chewed food for up to 8 hrs
• excreat regularly to remove bacteria

Question 25

what is coprophagy

Answer 25

when animals eat their own faeces, common in rabbits and rats

Question 26

how many stomach compartments do ruminants have and what are they named

Answer 26

4 the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abosmasum

Question 27

how does the ruminant stomachs process food

Answer 27

it ferments feed to produce volatile fatty acids, this is their main energy source

Question 28

how is the hindgut adapted in hindgut fermenters

Answer 28

the cecum and colon are adapted to accommodate microorganisms that can ferment food in the gut lemen into a form that can be absorbed across the intestinal wall

Question 29

give the structure of the rumen

Answer 29

several muscular sacs, - the cranial - the ventral - ventral blind - reticulum lining is covered in small fingerlike projections which are flattened

Question 30

give the function of the rumen

Answer 30

storage or "holding vat" for feed fermentation happens here feed is broken down by microbes into fatty acids

Question 31

give the structure of the omasum

Answer 31

has a body and a canal body filled with muscular folds the canal connects the reticulum to abomasum

Question 32

give the function of the omasum

Answer 32

this is where small food particles are transferred to the abomasum for enzymatic digestion it also helps with the absorption of water, electrolytes, volatile fatty acids and minerals. this is also the main site of water absorption

Question 33

what is the structure of the abomasum

Answer 33

divided into 2 parts, a larger and smaller part

Question 34

what is the function of the abomasum

Answer 34

it produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes then receives digestive enzymes from pancreas and prepares protein for absorption in intestines

Question 35

structure of the reticulum

Answer 35

large membrane bound compartment, divided into 3 major morphologies (parts)

Question 36

function of the reticulum

Answer 36

- collects smaller digestive particles and move them into the omasum, the larger of the particles will remain in the rumen for further digestion. - traps heavy objects consumed by the animal. - any undigested floating food will go back up to be chewed again - (chewing the cud)

Question 37

what are the benefits of chewing the cud

Answer 37

- controls rumen acidity - breaks food down into smaller particles

Question 38

what is the crop (in birds)

Answer 38

a muscular pouch at the top of the neck, its an enlargement of the oesophagus and acts as a storage place for food

Question 39

how many compartments does the bird stomach have

Answer 39

2 glandular portion (proventriculus) muscular portion (gizzard)

Question 40

what processes happen in the proventriculus

Answer 40

hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsin are secreted by specialised cells and start the process of breaking down food

Question 41

what does the gizzard do

Answer 41

modified for grinding food, this includes having small stones inside to help break down food

Question 42

function of the caeca

Answer 42

absorption of electrolytes, protein and water microbial decomposition of fibre

Question 43

adaptations of the reptile mouth

Answer 43

- have oral secretory glands to lubricate the food moving down the oesophagus - venom to immobilise prey - can swallow prey whole - can walk while swallowing

Question 44

adaptations of digestive system for herbis

Answer 44

- large cecum - shorter gastronomical tract - hindgut fermentation to break down cellulose - takes longer

Question 45

adaptations of the marine mammal digestive system

Answer 45

- will swallow food whole -stomach has multiple compartments - some toothed some have baleen plates

Question 46

what is the adaptation of the mouth in baleen whales

Answer 46

no teeth, they have baleen plates instead that are almost like toothbrush bristles, they sift out food and expel water before then swallowing prey

Question 47

what is the labrum

Answer 47

a flattened piece of cuticle at the base of the face, it is for manipulating food and holding it in position

Question 48

what is the mandible

Answer 48

a flattened molar area for chewing and grinding food

Question 49

what is the maxilla

Answer 49

lies behind the mandibles, part of the upper jaw and is for holding and manipulating food