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reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the male chromosomes in mammals

A

xy

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2
Q

what are the male chromosomes in birds

A

zz

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3
Q

how to tell which animals are male

A
  • chromosones
  • temperature sex dependant in turtles and crocodiles
  • penis
  • hormones
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4
Q

structure and function of testes

A

sits inside scrotum
produces sperm and testosterone

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5
Q

structure and function of epididymis

A

long coiled tube on each testicles surface
mature sperm are stored here

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6
Q

structure and function of vasdeferens

A

tube leading out of epididymis
transports sperm to urethra

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7
Q

structure and function of the prostate gland

A

surrounds urethra, ball like
secretes clear liquid which nourishes and protects sperm by removing bacteria

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8
Q

structure and function of urethra

A

muscular tube from bladder and prostate to tip of penis
transports urine and semen out of body

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9
Q

structure and function of bulbus glandus

A

erectile tissue that swells during mating
to form a lock after penetration

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10
Q

structure and function of prepuce

A

(foreskin)
layers of skin
protects penis

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11
Q

structure and function of the penis

A

varies between species, often includes a baculum
allows for penetration

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12
Q

where is sperm made

A

seminiferous tubule walls

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what cells provide nutrients and blood to immature sperm cells

A

sertoli cells

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15
Q

how do sperm cells divide

A

meiosis

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16
Q

outline the process of sperm production

A
  • made in seminiferous tubules
  • scattered sertoli cells provide blood and nutrients to immature sperm cells
  • sertoli cells move young germ cells from the outer surface to the central channel of the tubule
  • multiply by meiosis, half remain as stem cells and half become sperm cells with half their chromosomes
  • maturing sperm change shape
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17
Q

structure and function the ovaries

A

paired, held close to kidneys by ovarian ligament
produce ova, secretes oestrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

function of FSH

A

triggers growth of eggs in ovaries to mature them in preparation for ovulation

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19
Q

function of oestrogen

A

aids ovulation
thickens uterus lining

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20
Q

function of LH

A

triggers release of egg

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21
Q

function of progesterone

A

preps uterus lining

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22
Q

explain the process of oogenesis

A
  • primary follicles develop into graafian follicles, they contain an ovum (egg)
  • graafian follicles secrete oestrogen
  • follicle reaches full size
  • ruptures and releases ovum (egg)
  • follicle forms scar tissue known as corpus leuteum, this secretes progesterone
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23
Q

structure and function of the infundibulum

A

funnel like section of fallopian tube, include fimbraiae (finger like projections reaching towards ovary) smooth muscle
fimbraiae catch the egg once released, then swept into the fallopian tube

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24
Q

structure and function of the magnum / ampulla

A

major channel in fallopian tube, smooth muscle
site of fertilisation

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25
structure and function of the isthmus
small channel, smooth muscle connects magnum to top of uterus
26
structure and function of the utirine tube
narrow tube, smooth muscle, cilia for movement 3 parts : infundibulum, magnum, isthmus collects ova as they are released - moves them to uterine horns, provide correct environment for sperm and ova
27
structure and function of the uterus
2 parts, pair of horns and a body that has 3 layers receptacle for embreo development, provides means for foetal maturity
28
what is myometrium
smooth muscle, allows uterus to stretch allowing for growth and producing contractions during birth
29
structure and function of the cervix
short, thick walled, smooth muscle tube connects uterus to vagina, prevents infection, opens to allow sperm in and blood and offspring out
30
structure and function of the vulva
folds of skin to cover vagina prevents infection
31
structure and function of the vagina
canal made of smooth muscle site of penetration
32
what is the process that occurs between fertilisation and implantation
- sperm releases enzymes to break through outside of ovum - cell divides my mitosis - ovum now a zygote - zygote drifts down tract of uterine horns
33
what is the ovum in aves
the yolk
34
when ovulation occurs in aves where does the ovum go
thee oviduct
35
what is the oviduct
(fallopian tube) a twisted tube divided into 5 sections: - infundibulum - magnum - ishumus - shell gland - vagina
36
s + f of the infundibulum in aves
first part of oviduct catches and channels ovum, fertilisation happens here
37
s + f of the magnum in aves
largest part of oviduct ovum remains here for 3 hrs, egg white forms
38
s + f of the isthumus in aves
narrow, constricted forms shell membrane, developing egg stays here for 75 mins
39
s + f of the shell gland / uterus in aves
4 - 5 inches long egg stays here for 20+ hrs, calcium added
40
s + f of the vagina in aves
elastic muscle pushes egg out of body, turns egg so it comes out large end first
41
s + f of the sperm storage tubule / sperm hosts
- between shell gland and vagina - gland that stores sperm for 14 days - when egg is laid sperm leaves the glands and returns to oviduct to the infundibulum where the process starts again
42
what is the oviparous process of reproduction
eggs hatch outside body develop outside body nourishment for development provided by the predetermined quantity of yolk
43
what is the ovoviviparous process of reproduction
eggs hatch in body without obtaining nourishment from it develops inside body
44
what is the viviparous process of reproduction
giving birth to living offspring that developed in body nourishment provided by body
45
what is the monotremes process of reproduction
5 species egg laying mammals produce milk but no nipples
46
what is the marsupial process of reproduction
born alive but live in pouch until fully developed short gestation period born hairless, blind and pink, crawl into pouch and remain there until deleloped females have 2 vaginas, same entrance but go to different parts of uterus males have 2 pronged penis and testicles in front of penis
47
what are adaptations of the cat reproductive system
penis has a papillae (little spines that stimulate ovulation) protruding from surface can get pregnant from 4 months induced ovulation so litter can have multiple fathers
48
what are adaptations of the whale reproductive system
entire reproductive system internal, enhances hydrodynamics and minimises heat loss
49
what are adaptations of the pig reproductive system
long rigid and has s shape in top half and anticlockwise spiral at end locks into spiral cervix of female s shaped cervix, 2 uterine horns
50
what are adaptations of the snake reproductive system
2 penises known as 'hemipenes' covered with spines, cups, curves, bumps or folds to ensure it stays attached when sperm transferred
51
what are adaptations of the bonobos reproductive system
during ovariun cycle females have swelling to attract males
52
what are adaptations of the hyena reproductive system
females have enlarges clitoris to mimic a penis so males dont mate witht them
53
what are advantages of hormonal implants
- decrease conflict - long lasting - ensures breeding (protects species) - reduce issues from not mating
54
what are disadvantages of hormonal implants
- behavioural chane could be negative - could cause disorders and problems
55
what is copulation
the act of mating in vertebrates
56
what is the function of implantation
- enables developing embryo to access oxygen + nutrients - initiates hormonal changes to maintain pregnancy
57
what is parturation
giving birth
58
what is prolaction
initiates and sustains lactation
59
what happens in the preparation stage of parturation
Progesterone decreases​ Vaginal tissue relaxes
60
what happens in the first stage of parturation
contractions​ Milk present in mammary glands​ Cervix begins to dilate and first foetus pushes against it
61
what happens in the second stage of parturation
Uterine contractions increase in intensity ​ Foetus is propelled through the cervix into the vagina initiating abdominal straining​ Foetus is born with the amnion (sac)
62
what happens in the third stage of parturation
placenta is passed
63
what happens in the puerperium stage of parturation
reproductive tract returns to its normal state via uterine involution

Anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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