Musculoskeletal system Flashcards by Sica Venus

what are the 3 parts of the skull

cranium
maxilla
mandible

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skull

what is the cranium

the part that protects the brain, made of cranial bones and facial bones. there is an opening at the base where the spinal cord attaches to the brain

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what does the maxilla do

holds top teeth in place and supports muscles involved in chewing and facial expressions

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what is the mandible

largest and strongest bone in the face, forms the lower jaw and part of the mouth. the only movable bone in the skull and is attached to muscles involved in chewing. the mandible also holds the bottom teeth in place

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what does cranial mean

how close something is to the head

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what does rostral mean

oral / nasal region

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what does dorsal mean

back / upper side

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what does caudal mean

how close to the tail / end region

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what is the ventral

front / lower side

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what are the 7 parts of the vertebrae

thoracic
cervical
atlas
axis
sacrum
caudal

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structure of thoracic vertebrae

consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum. located between ribs and sternum

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function of thoracic vertebrae

protect heart and lungs. joints protect organs while still allowing for movement

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structure and function of the cervical vertebrae

located at the neck just below the skull, supports head and allows for movement

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structure and function of the atlas

connects the spine to skull ,(first cervical vertebrae), composed of 2 lateral masses, supports weight of head and enables movement

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give the structure and function of the axis

the second cervical vertebrae, cylindrical body, a pivot for rotation of the head from the atlas

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structure and function of the lumbar

longer and more uniform in shape. It protects the spinal processes

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structure of the sacrum

the sacrum vertebrae fuse together and form the sacrum with discs. a single shield shaped bone and the root of pelvic cavity, allows for movement

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what is the caudal / coccygeal

it reduces in size gradually and protects causal vessels

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structure and function of the sternum

an elongated bone on the centre of the chest that gives definition and support for the clavide (collarbone) and the ribs. it is adapted for birds and bats for flight

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what is the clavicle

(collarbone), curved bone of shoulder girdle. it links the shoulder bone (scapula) and breastbone (sternum) in vertebrates. holds the shoulder in place allowing weight to be transferred from upper body to head, back and chest

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what is the hyoid

in the neck, consists of body, 2 greater horns and 2 lesser horns . it is an attachment structure for the tongue and muscles in oral cavity.

give facts about ribs

12 sets, can vary between species and archivists
protect organs and in some cases whole body.
small joints allow for a gliding motion of the ribs during breathing. the configuration of the lower 5 ribs give freedom for the expansion of the lower part of the rib cage and movement of diaphragm.

what is the baculum

bone within penis of certain mammals, aids sexual production

structure and function of scapula

(shoulder blade)
flat bone that lies against the cranial part of the thoracic wall, large triangle shape
allows for a full range of movement.

structure and function of the humerus

rounded ball at shoulder to fit in socket, long shaft in middle, flatter end that forms the elbow joint. helps arm move and rotate

what 2 bones make up the forearm

ulna and radius

structure and function of the ulna

divided into 3 parts, proximal and distal extremities and the main body. for movement and structure of forearm

structure and function of radius

fused with ulna, main weight bearer of forearm and allows for movement

structure and function of the carpals (wrist)

bones arranged in 2 rows, proximal and distal number of bones varies between species provides large range of movement

structure and function of metacarpals

5 long bones at end of thoracic limb along with the carpals help with large range of movement

structure and function of phalanges

(fingers and toes) usually 5 but can vary. broken up into 3 sections, proximal, distal and middle sections.

structure and function of pelvis

basin shaped complex of bones connecting trunk to legs supports organs, bears weight, stabilises and allows for range of movement

structure and function of femur

longest, heaviest and strongest bone. long shaft with 2 lumps at each end. holds body weight, allows for movement and stabilises

structure and function of patella

roughly triangular shape, helps move muscles in leg, protects the knee joint and supports muscles, tendons and ligaments

give some skeletal adaptations of whales

vertebrae bones not fused to allow for more free and flexible movement through water ribs are much broader to allow for bouency, organ expansion in deep water and large lung capacity jaws adapted for filter feeding

give some skeletal adaptations of flying mammals

bones light and slender, sometimes hollow to ensure they are lightweight to allow for flying

skeletal adaptations of hopping mammals

powerful hindlimbs, longer than forelimbs light skeleton strong ankles

give adaptations of the horses skeleton

- large flat scapula to attach to the powerful muscles needed for running - long legs to cover more ground - ulna + radius partially fused for strength running on hard ground - suspensory ligaments instead of muscles between canon and splint bones so running uses less energy - large ribcage for large lungs to expand

give adaptations of the cheater skeleton

- claws dont retract -light bones - pivorting hips spring like vertabrae - flexible spine that can contract and expand

structure and function of tendons

cord of long flexible tissue connect muscle to bone give joints support limit movement

structure and function of ligaments

like cords, slightly stretchy elastic fibres connect bone to bone prevent joints from overextending

structure of muscles

each muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibres wrapped together by connecting tissue sheaths

function of muscles

responsible for movement can contract and relax use energy from cells

what happens when a muscle contracts

muscle fibres shorten muscle pulls on ligament ligament pulls on bone to move it

where do the flexor tendons go

from forearm, through wrist, across palm of hand allowing you to bend fingers

where do extensor tendons go

from forearm, across back of hand and thumb, allows you to straighten fingers

what is a pivot joint

a moving bone that can rotate within a ring

what are synovial joints

joints with synovial fluid

what is a hinge joints

only moves in 1 direction takes a lot of force, especially when animals come to a sudden stop

what are ball and socket joints

a ball and socket that fit perfectly together to allow for a large range of movement

what is a condyloid joint

the oval shaped end of 1 bone fitting into the hollow of another bone

what is a ectothermic animal

an animal that relies on external heat sources to regulate body temp