Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 367 > The Cutaneous Senses > Flashcards

The Cutaneous Senses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are cutaneous senses?

A

Based on mechanoreceptors in the skin for touch/tactile perception, vibration, texture, shape, warmth, cold, itch, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sensing position of the body and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

Sensing movement of the body and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is haptic perception?

A

Coordination of tactile and kinesthetic sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is vestibular sense?

A

Balance/spatial orientation due to semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some characteristics of the skin?

A

Heaviest organ
Range of thickness
May by glabrous or hairy
Neural structures at the epi/dermal boundary are believed to be receprots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

A

The epidermis
The surface is called the corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the inner layer of the skin called?

A

The dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is specificity theory?

A

One mechanoreceptor type proposed for each basic sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do Ruffini endings detect?

A

Warmth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do Krause end bulbs detect?

A

Cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What to Meissner corpuscles detect?

A

Touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What touch blend leads to detection in something wet?

A

Even pressure, cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What touch blend leads to the detection of something oily?

A

Weak pressure, warm, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is punctate sensitivity?

A

If there is a receptor under the skin at a location, there must be sensitivity to the associated sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is microneurography?

A

Use an electrode to find a nerve fibre that is triggered by a particular stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is histology?

A

Trace the fibre back to the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the problems with determining the nature of fibers?

A

Self-dissection shows no correlation between structure and sensations, restest impossible
Skin transmits kinetic and thermal energy over a distance from the point of stimulation - many receptors affect by any stimulus
Cornea only has free nerve endings but all four sensations
Sensory spots changed over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the thermal grill illusion?

A

Simultaneous presentation of separate warm and cold stimuli = painfully hot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is pattern theory?

A

The pattern of neural impulses from a number of receptors corresponds to a particular sensation
Assumed that receptors differ in structure, but not in function
The same receptor can yield two different kinds of sensations, depending on the intensity of activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stimulus preference?

A

Intermediate approach
Each sensation arises from the firing of a number of receptor types tuned to different aspects of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the Pacinian corpuscles do?

A

The corpuscle around the nerve fibre acts to absorb sustained pressure
Fibre itself only stimulated at onset or offset of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Smaller nerve fibres synapse in the spinal cord
Ascends via the spinal cord and brainstem to the thalamus
Projects to the anterior cingulate cortex, and insular cortex. and primary somatosensory cortex
Carries primarily temperature and pain information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the medial lemniscal pathway?

A

Larger, longer nerve fibres synapse in the medulla
Ascends via medial lemniscus to the thalamus
Projects to the primary somatosensory cortex
Conveys touch and proprioceptive information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the evoked potential method?

A

Electrodes on the scape measure cortical activity
Different skin loci are stimulated until activity produced at electrode
Very time-consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is stimulation during open brain surgery?

A

Stimulate the cortex at a low voltage to produce sensations in awake patients to not damage vital parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is the somatosensory cortex organized?

A

Somatotopic organization, adjacent points on the skin have adjoining cortical representations
Touch represented in somatosensory cortex as a homunculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is touch?

A

Constant pressure

30
Q

What is vibration?

A

Changing pressure

31
Q

Where does soft touch go?

A

To the insular cortex where emotion is processed
Plays a role in development, social cooperation, and affiliation

32
Q

What is proxemics?

A

Zones of personal space
Distances between people depend on the nature of social interaction

33
Q

What is public distance?

A

For public speaking
Over 3.5 m

34
Q

What is social distance?

A

For interaction with strangers and acquaintances
1.2-3.5 m

35
Q

What is personal distance?

A

For interactions with friends and family
45-120 cm

36
Q

What is intimate distance?

A

For whispering, touching, or embracing intimate partners
15-45 cm

37
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland
Involved in contractions and lactation
Release at orgasm

38
Q

What is the absolute touch threshold?

A

Hair pushed into skin until hair bends
Each bends with a different amount of force
Use stronger hairs until absolute threshold is established

39
Q

What is the difference threshold for touch?

A

Two-point threshold
Smallest separation between two points on the skin that can be perceived

40
Q

What does actively handling an object aid in?

A

Identification

41
Q

What do exploratory procedures do?

A

Provide information on different stimulus features

42
Q

What can we determine with lateral motion and contour following?

A

Texture

43
Q

What can we determine with pressure?

A

Hardness

44
Q

What can we determine with static contact?

A

Temperature

45
Q

What two fibres are temperature encoded by?

A

Warm fibres = 30-48 degrees
Cold fibres = 20-45 degrees

46
Q

What is paradoxical cold?

A

A hot stimulus produces the sensation of cold due to activation of cold fibres

47
Q

What is physiological zero?

A

Temperature at which receptors have become adapted
Perception of temperature is relative to this point

48
Q

What is pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

49
Q

What is nociception?

A

The neural encoding of impending or actual tissue damage

50
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Receptors for noxious stimuli
Peptide substance P is released from C fibres

51
Q

What do A-delta fibres transmit?

A

Sharp, pricking pain

52
Q

What do C fibres transmit?

A

Burning, throbbing pain

53
Q

What is double pain?

A

Sharp pain followed by dull pain

54
Q

What is congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis?

A

Rare congenital insensitivity disorder
Cannot feel pain
Complete absence of A-delta and C fibers; normal sensation of touch in A-beta fibres

55
Q

Where is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

In the spinal cord

56
Q

Where are transmission cells found?

A

In the spinothalamic pathway

57
Q

What are L-fibers?

A

Large diameter axons from mechanoreceptors

58
Q

What are S-fibers?

A

Small diameter axons from nociceptors

59
Q

What does activity in L-fibers do?

A

Closes the gate
Activates the SG so that T is inhibited and there is no pain signal

60
Q

What does activity in S-fibers do?

A

Opens the gate
Activates the SG so that T is excited and a pain signal is sent

61
Q

How does rubbing reduce pain?

A

By activating A-beta fibers

62
Q

What is TENS?

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Small electrical current activates A-beta fibers
Inhibits pain signals

63
Q

How might pain signals be attenuated?

A

This may be due to endogenous opioids
Inhibit Substance P

64
Q

What is naloxone?

A

Narcotic antagonist
Wipes out the effects of placebo and acupuncture, but not hypnosis

65
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

The involuntary physical experience of a cross-modal association in which stimulation of one sensory modality reliably causes a perception in one or more different senses

66
Q

What are the characteristics of synesthesia?

A

Responses are generic and unelaborated
One-way projections
Idiosyncratic

67
Q

What are one-way projections in relation to synesthesia?

A

A synesthete who sees colours when hearing spoken words does not necessarily hear words when viewing colours

68
Q

What are the two theories of synesthesia?

A

More connections
Less inhibition

69
Q

What was found about colour synesthetes in an fMRI?

A

Their V4 activates in response to spoken words but not when viewing coloured surfaces

70
Q

What might synesthesia reveal?

A

Aspects of top-down processing, the binding problem, sensory integration, and conscious experience

PSYCH 367 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions