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PSYCH 367 > Depth and Size Perception > Flashcards

Depth and Size Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is absolute distance judgment?

A

Egocentric localization - you to object

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2
Q

What is relative distance judgment?

A

Requires object-relative localization - object to object

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3
Q

What are pictorial depth cues?

A

Can be extracted from a 2D image
Occlusion
Shading and shadows
Atmospheric pressure
Relative size
Familiar size
Linear perspective
Relative height
Texture gradient

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4
Q

What is occlusion?

A

If object A covers part of object B, then A is seen as closer than B

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5
Q

What are shading and shadows?

A

Indicates which surfaces are facing the light source and which are not

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6
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Greater absolute distance makes objects appear fuzzier, bluer

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7
Q

What is relative size?

A

Same size object further away produces a smaller visual angle

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8
Q

What is familiar size?

A

Knowledge of object’s actual size influences the perception of its distance

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9
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

Apparent convergence of receding parallel lines at a vanishing point

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10
Q

What is the key point in linear perspective?

A

The vanishing point which determine the horizon

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11
Q

What is relative height?

A

Below the horizon, higher objects appear father away
Above the horizon, lower objects appear further

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12
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

Texture elements appear smaller and more densely arranged as they get farther away

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13
Q

What are motion-based depth cues?

A

Motion parallax
Deletion
Accretion

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14
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

As an observer moves perpendicular to an object, nearby objects appear to move past more rapidly than faraway objects

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15
Q

What is deletion?

A

Background object is occluded by foreground object moving in front of it

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16
Q

What is accretion?

A

Background object is uncovered by foreground object moving out of the way

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17
Q

What are oculomotor depth cues?

A

Accommodation
Convergence

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18
Q

What does a smaller convergence angle result in?

A

Farther object

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19
Q

What does a larger convergence angle result in?

A

Closer object

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20
Q

How do depth cues interact?

A

Depth cues are rarely used alone
Accuracy in estimating distance is an additive relation between depth cues
Perception of depth is stronger with more cues

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21
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

Retinal images of an object fall on disparate points on each eye’s retina

22
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

Perception of depth based on retinal disparity alone

23
Q

What is a horopter?

A

Imaginary surface passing through a fixation point

24
Q

What happens if the distal stimulus lies on the horopter?

A

Then the proximal stimulus will fall on corresponding points on each retina = no disparity

25
Q

What happens if a distal stimulus is not on the horopter?

A

Then the proximal stimulus produces disparity

26
Q

What is the degree of disparity?

A

The distance between points on each retina

27
Q

What would result in greater disparity?

A

Objects being farther from the horopter

28
Q

What are random-dot stereograms?

A

Each eye sees the same pattern of random dots - with one exception
Central region in each pattern is shifted over and this creates retinal disparity
The shifted region is perceived as floating above the background

29
Q

What are single-image random-dot stereograms?

A

Retinal disparity in autosterograms is produced in opposite was form random-dot stereograms
Usually, two separate images are directed onto the same part of each retina
A single image is observed so that it falls on two different parts of each retina in RIRDS

30
Q

How to see an autostereogram?

A

Have a small angle of convergence
Look at autostereogram but don’t change the convergence; should see two overlapping images
Change accommodation to bring images into focus keeping convergence constant
Change convergence until repeating parts of the pattern line up horizontally

31
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

How is it determined which dots in the left eye match which dots in the right eye, to fuse the two images into one percept?

32
Q

What are some solutions to the correspondence problem?

A

A neural-network solution that depends on a number of factors including similarity; matches are made only between elements that are similar
No widely accepted solution

33
Q

What was Walk and Gibson’s cliff experiment?

A

Started with a visual cliff
Mammals avoided the cliff, turtles did not
There is an innate component to avoiding cliffs

34
Q

What was Campos, Bertenthals, and Kermoians experiment?

A

Younger, precrawling infants tested
Experiment group given walker experience, control group got no experience
Dangled infants over deep side and measured HR
The walker group experienced fear, non-experienced did not
Crawling experience more important than age
Depth perception develops via interaction of appropriate experience and innate factors

35
Q

What are critical/sensitive periods?

A

Aspects of depth perception develop at certain chronological ages, given proper environmental experience

36
Q

What was the task of Holway and borings experiment?

A

Adjust size of comparison circle to match that of various sized test circles, places at different distances
Visual angle of all test circles is 1°`

37
Q

What was part 1 of Holway and borings experiment?

A

Normal viewing
If test circle was large and far, observers chose large comparisons

38
Q

What was part 2 of Holway and borings experiment?

A

Depth cues eliminated
Observers looked at test circles through a peephole
All stimuli had the same visual angle, so the size comparison matched the visual angle of the test circle, not the size of the test circle

39
Q

What happens as the distance from a given object increases?

A

The retinal image becomes smaller but we do not perceive that

40
Q

What is size-distance scaling?

A

Distance taken into account when perceiving size

41
Q

What must be available for size constancy?

A

Distance and depth cues or else errors will occur

42
Q

How do illusions occur?

A

Caused by misapplied size constancy

43
Q

Which illusion is weaker in children?

A

Muller-Lyer illusion

44
Q

What is the moon illusion?

A

Horizon moon seems to be larger than overhead moon even though the retinal size and the actual distance are constant
Misjudgment of the moon’s size resulting from a misperception of distance

45
Q

What is apparent-distance theory?

A

Objects on the horizon, viewed across the filled space of the terrain, should appear to be further away
Objects overhead, seen through the empty space of sky, should appear closer

46
Q

What is the eye elevation hypothesis?

A

Moving eyes upwards makes objects appear smaller

47
Q

What is Emmert’s law?

A

Perceived size of an object having a constant visual angle is proportional to the perceived distance of the object

48
Q

What is the illusion of velocity and size?

A

The larger the object, the more slowly it appears to be moving

49
Q

What is the illusion of linear perspective?

A

Increased perceived distance of the train, contributing to an overestimation of the safe time interval

50
Q

What is the deceptive geometry of collisions?

A

As distance to train decreases, the visual angle of the train increases in size
The rate of increase in size is hyperbolic
Overestimation of safe time interval

PSYCH 367 (27 decks)

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