Chapter 16

Question 1

What is anosmia?

Answer 1

The lost of smell and taste

Question 2

What is taste?

Answer 2

Occurs when molecules enter the mouth in solid or liquid form and stimulate receptors on the tongue

Question 3

What is olfaction?

Answer 3

Occurs when airborne molecules enter the nose and stimulate receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa

Question 4

What is flavor?

Answer 4

The impression we experience from the combination of taste and olfaction

Question 5

How are olfactory and gustation receptors gatekeepers?

Answer 5

They identify things that the body needs for survival and that should therefore be consumed
The detect things that would be bad for the body and therefore be rejected

Question 6

What are the five basic taste sensations?

Answer 6

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

Question 7

What is sweetness associated with?

Answer 7

Compounds that have a nutritive or caloric value

Question 8

What are papillae?

Answer 8

Structures that make on the ridges and valleys on the tongue

Question 9

What are fungiform papillae?

Answer 9

Shaped like mushrooms
Found at the tips and sides of the mouth

Question 10

What are filiform papillae?

Answer 10

Shapes like cones
Found over the entire surface of the tongue

Question 11

What are foliate papillae?

Answer 11

Within the folds on the side of the tongue and the back of the tongue on the sides

Question 12

What are circumvallate papillae?

Answer 12

Shaped like flat mounds surrounded by a trench
Found at the back of the tongue

Question 13

Which papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

Answer 13

Filiform

Question 14

How are signals from the tongue transmitted to the brain?

Answer 14

The chorda tymapani nerve = front and side of tongue

The glossopharyngeal nerve = back of tongue

The vagus nerve = mouth and throat

The superficial petrosal nerve = soft palate

Question 15

Where do all of the nerve fibers from the tongue, mouth, and throat make connections in the brain stem?

Answer 15

The nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 16

What two areas in the frontal lobe are considered to be the primary taste cortex?

Answer 16

The insula and the frontal operculum

Question 17

What are across-fiber patterns?

Answer 17

Population coding

Question 18

What is amiloride?

Answer 18

Blocks the flow of sodium ions into taste receptors

Question 19

What can individual differences in taste be caused by?

Answer 19

Receptor density
The presence of specialized receptors due to genetic factors

Question 20

What does microsmatic mean?

Answer 20

Having a poor sense of smell

Question 21

What does macrosmatic mean?

Answer 21

Have a well-developed sense of smell

Question 22

What is the forced-choice method?

Answer 22

Participants are presented with blocks of two trials
- one trial contains a weak odorant, the other no odorant
The task is to indicate which trial has a stronger smell
The threshold is determined by measuring the concentration that results in a correct response on 75% of trials

Question 23

What could identifying odors be highly dependent on?

Answer 23

Our ability to retrieve the odor’s name from our memory

Question 24

What do individuals sensitive to beta-ionone smell as compared to someone insensitive?

Answer 24

Sensitive = fragrant, floral
Insensitive = pungent, acid

Question 25

What is loss of smell a predictor of?

Answer 25

Alzheimer's disease

Question 26

How does COVID cause taste and smell loss?

Answer 26

It attaches to sustentacular cells which support the olfactory sensory neurons

Question 27

What are some difficulties in classifying odors?

Answer 27

We lack specific language for odor quality Molecules with similar properties can smell completely different and vice versa

Question 28

What are odor objects?

Answer 28

Sources of odors including nonfood sources

Question 29

What is the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 29

Dime-sized region located on the roof of the nasal cavity just below the olfactory bulb

Question 30

What do odorant molecules come into contact with?

Answer 30

Olfactory receptor neurons located in the mucosa and the surrounding cells

Question 31

What is calcium imaging?

Answer 31

When an olfactory receptor responds, the concentration of Ca2+ ions increased inside the OR Calcium imaging measures this increases in calcium ions by soaking olfactory neurons in a chemical that causes the ORN to fluoresce This can measure how much Ca2+ enters because increased Ca2+ decreases the glow

Question 32

What is an odorant recognition profile?

Answer 32

The pattern of activation for each odorant

Question 33

What do glomeruli do?

Answer 33

Each glomeruli collects information about the firing of a particular type of ORN

Question 34

What are chemotopic maps?

Answer 34

Maps of odorants in the olfactory bulb based on molecular features of odorants such as carbon chain length or functional groups

Question 35

What are the two main olfactory areas?

Answer 35

The piriform cortex (primary olfactory area) and the orbitofrontal cortex (secondary olfactory area)

Question 36

How are odorants represented in the piriform cortex?

Answer 36

Odorants that cause activity in specific locations in the olfactory bulb cause widespread activity in the PC resulting in an overlap between activity caused by different odorants

Question 37

How are odor objects represented in the piriform cortex?

Answer 37

The formation of odor objects involves learning, which links together the scattered activation that occurs for a particular object After repeated exposure, the same activation pattern occurs continuously resulting in neural connections being formed

Question 38

What is the Proust effect?

Answer 38

Description of how certain actions unlock memories that had not been thought of in years, now referred to as odor-evoked autobiographical memories

Question 39

What happens to the brain during odor-evoked autobiographical memories?

Answer 39

The amygdala (involved in emotions and emotional memories) is lose to the olfactory nerve and the hypothalamus (involved in memory storage) is also close fMRI brain scans show that odor-evoked memories cause higher activity in the amygdala than word-evoked memories

Question 40

How do food and drink release volatile chemicals that reach the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 40

Following the retronasal route from the mouth through the nasal pharynx

Question 41

Decreasing airflow does what to flavor?

Answer 41

The flavor of food is reduced

Question 42

What is oral capture?

Answer 42

food and drink stimulate tactile receptors in the mouth So, the sensations we experience from both olfactory and taste receptors are referred to the mouth

Question 43

What are bimodal neurons?

Answer 43

Neurons that respond to more than one sense Often respond to similar qualities

Question 44

What is sensory-specific satiety?

Answer 44

refers to the large effect on the odur associated with food eaten during satiety

Question 45

What are multimodal interactions?

Answer 45

Interactions that involve more than one sense or quality