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PSYCH 367 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anosmia?

A

The lost of smell and taste

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2
Q

What is taste?

A

Occurs when molecules enter the mouth in solid or liquid form and stimulate receptors on the tongue

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3
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Occurs when airborne molecules enter the nose and stimulate receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa

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4
Q

What is flavor?

A

The impression we experience from the combination of taste and olfaction

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5
Q

How are olfactory and gustation receptors gatekeepers?

A

They identify things that the body needs for survival and that should therefore be consumed
The detect things that would be bad for the body and therefore be rejected

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6
Q

What are the five basic taste sensations?

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

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7
Q

What is sweetness associated with?

A

Compounds that have a nutritive or caloric value

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8
Q

What are papillae?

A

Structures that make on the ridges and valleys on the tongue

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9
Q

What are fungiform papillae?

A

Shaped like mushrooms
Found at the tips and sides of the mouth

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10
Q

What are filiform papillae?

A

Shapes like cones
Found over the entire surface of the tongue

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11
Q

What are foliate papillae?

A

Within the folds on the side of the tongue and the back of the tongue on the sides

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12
Q

What are circumvallate papillae?

A

Shaped like flat mounds surrounded by a trench
Found at the back of the tongue

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13
Q

Which papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

A

Filiform

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14
Q

How are signals from the tongue transmitted to the brain?

A

The chorda tymapani nerve = front and side of tongue

The glossopharyngeal nerve = back of tongue

The vagus nerve = mouth and throat

The superficial petrosal nerve = soft palate

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15
Q

Where do all of the nerve fibers from the tongue, mouth, and throat make connections in the brain stem?

A

The nucleus of the solitary tract

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16
Q

What two areas in the frontal lobe are considered to be the primary taste cortex?

A

The insula and the frontal operculum

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17
Q

What are across-fiber patterns?

A

Population coding

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18
Q

What is amiloride?

A

Blocks the flow of sodium ions into taste receptors

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19
Q

What can individual differences in taste be caused by?

A

Receptor density
The presence of specialized receptors due to genetic factors

20
Q

What does microsmatic mean?

A

Having a poor sense of smell

21
Q

What does macrosmatic mean?

A

Have a well-developed sense of smell

22
Q

What is the forced-choice method?

A

Participants are presented with blocks of two trials
- one trial contains a weak odorant, the other no odorant
The task is to indicate which trial has a stronger smell
The threshold is determined by measuring the concentration that results in a correct response on 75% of trials

23
Q

What could identifying odors be highly dependent on?

A

Our ability to retrieve the odor’s name from our memory

24
Q

What do individuals sensitive to beta-ionone smell as compared to someone insensitive?

A

Sensitive = fragrant, floral
Insensitive = pungent, acid

25
Q

What is loss of smell a predictor of?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

26
Q

How does COVID cause taste and smell loss?

A

It attaches to sustentacular cells which support the olfactory sensory neurons

27
Q

What are some difficulties in classifying odors?

A

We lack specific language for odor quality

Molecules with similar properties can smell completely different and vice versa

28
Q

What are odor objects?

A

Sources of odors including nonfood sources

29
Q

What is the olfactory mucosa?

A

Dime-sized region located on the roof of the nasal cavity just below the olfactory bulb

30
Q

What do odorant molecules come into contact with?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons located in the mucosa and the surrounding cells

31
Q

What is calcium imaging?

A

When an olfactory receptor responds, the concentration of Ca2+ ions increased inside the OR
Calcium imaging measures this increases in calcium ions by soaking olfactory neurons in a chemical that causes the ORN to fluoresce
This can measure how much Ca2+ enters because increased Ca2+ decreases the glow

32
Q

What is an odorant recognition profile?

A

The pattern of activation for each odorant

33
Q

What do glomeruli do?

A

Each glomeruli collects information about the firing of a particular type of ORN

34
Q

What are chemotopic maps?

A

Maps of odorants in the olfactory bulb based on molecular features of odorants such as carbon chain length or functional groups

35
Q

What are the two main olfactory areas?

A

The piriform cortex (primary olfactory area) and the orbitofrontal cortex (secondary olfactory area)

36
Q

How are odorants represented in the piriform cortex?

A

Odorants that cause activity in specific locations in the olfactory bulb cause widespread activity in the PC resulting in an overlap between activity caused by different odorants

37
Q

How are odor objects represented in the piriform cortex?

A

The formation of odor objects involves learning, which links together the scattered activation that occurs for a particular object
After repeated exposure, the same activation pattern occurs continuously resulting in neural connections being formed

38
Q

What is the Proust effect?

A

Description of how certain actions unlock memories that had not been thought of in years, now referred to as odor-evoked autobiographical memories

39
Q

What happens to the brain during odor-evoked autobiographical memories?

A

The amygdala (involved in emotions and emotional memories) is lose to the olfactory nerve and the hypothalamus (involved in memory storage) is also close
fMRI brain scans show that odor-evoked memories cause higher activity in the amygdala than word-evoked memories

40
Q

How do food and drink release volatile chemicals that reach the olfactory mucosa?

A

Following the retronasal route from the mouth through the nasal pharynx

41
Q

Decreasing airflow does what to flavor?

A

The flavor of food is reduced

42
Q

What is oral capture?

A

food and drink stimulate tactile receptors in the mouth
So, the sensations we experience from both olfactory and taste receptors are referred to the mouth

43
Q

What are bimodal neurons?

A

Neurons that respond to more than one sense
Often respond to similar qualities

44
Q

What is sensory-specific satiety?

A

refers to the large effect on the odur associated with food eaten during satiety

45
Q

What are multimodal interactions?

A

Interactions that involve more than one sense or quality

PSYCH 367 (27 decks)

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