Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is the inverse projection problem?
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina because it involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out from the eye
What parts of object identification do machines struggle with?
Blurred images and objects looked upon from a different angle
What is viewpoint invariance?
The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
Difficult for computers
What is perceptual organization?
The process by which elements in a person’s visual field become perceptually grouped and segregated to create a perception
What is grouping?
The process by which elements in a visual scene are put together into coherent units or objects
What is segregation?
The processing of separating one area or object from another
What is apparent movement?
Movement that is perceived even though nothing is actually moving
What are the components of apparent movement?
One light flashes, there is a short period of darkness and another flash
We don’t see the darkness and instead interpret an image moving through the space between the flashing lights
What did Wertheimer draw from the apparent movement phenomenon?
Apparent movement cannot be explained by sensations alone
The whole is different than the sum of its parts because the perceptual system creates perception of movement when there is actually none
What are illusory contours?
Seeing edges when there are no actual physical edges present
What is the principle of common fate?
Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
What is the principle of common region?
Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together
What is the principle of uniform connectedness?
A connected region of the same visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit
What is figure-ground segregation?
Figures tend to stand out from the background
What is a reversible figure-ground?
An image that can be viewed two ways
What are figural cues?
Cues within an image that determine which area are perceived as a figure
What did Vecera’s experiment conclude?
That there is a preference for seeing objects lower in the display as a figure
How did Gestalt ideas feel about the role of meaning in determining figure-ground segregation?
It plays a minor role in perception
The figure must stand out from the ground before it can be recognized, this must happen before we can assign meaning
What did Gibson’s and Peterson’s experiments show?
Picture that can perceived one of two ways: black area = woman, white area = meaningless figure
More likely to say the meaning of the image is a standing woman = meaning plays a role in perception
What is the recognition by components theory?
Objects that are comprised of individual geometric components called geons, and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons
What are geons?
3D shapes
36 of them
What does recognition by components theory not account for?
Grouping or organization, some objects simply cannot be represented by assemblies of geons
Doesn’t allow for distinguishing between objects within a given category
What is a scene?
A view of a real-world environment that contains background elements and multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way relative to each other and the background
How can we distinguish between objects and scenes?
Objects are compact and acted upon
Scenes are extended in space and are acted within
