Chapter 12 Flashcards
What is auditory space?
Sounds at different locations that exists allaorund
What is auditory localization?
The locating of sound sources in auditory space
What are location cues?
Information other than the place on the cochlea to determine location that are created by the way sound interacts with the listener’s head and ear
What are binaural cues?
Cues that depend on both ears
What are spectral cues?
Depend on just one ear
What are the three dimensions of the location of a sound?
Azimuth = extends from left to right
Elevation = extends up and down
Distance
What is the interaural level difference?
Based on the difference in the sound pressure level or the sound reaching the two ears
A difference in level between the two ears occurs because the head is a barrier that creates an acoustic shadow that reduces the intensity of sound that reaches the far ear
What is the interaural time difference?
The time difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear
What is the cone of confusion?
Places of ambiguity where ILD and ITD are the same
What is the Jeffress model of auditory localization?
Proposes that neurons are wired so they each receive signals from the two ears
What are coincidence detectors?
Only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously
What ITD detectors?
Coincidence detectors that each fire best to a particular ITD. They detect ITDS that occur when the sound is coming from a specific location
What is the neural mechanism of binaural localization in mammals?
Based on broadly tuned neurons
Population code because the ITD is determined by the firing of many broadly tuned neurons working together
What is necessary for accurate localization of sounds in space?
An intact auditory cortex
What is the anterior belt area?
Involved in perceiving complex sounds and patterns of sound
What is the posterior belt area?
Involved in localizing sounds
What is the what auditory pathway?
Extends from the anterior belt to the front of the temporal lobe and then to the frontal cortex
Associated with perceiving sounds
What is the where pathway?
Extends from the posterior belt to the parietal lobe and then to the frontal cortex
Associated with locating sounds
What is direct sound?
Sound that reaches your ears directly
What is indirect sound?
Sound that reaches your ears after bouncing off of surfaces
What is the precedence effect?
A single sound appears to originate from near the lead speaker
We perceive the sound as coming from near the source that reaches are ears first
What is architectural acoustics?
The study of how sounds are reflected in rooms
Concerned with how indirect sound changes the quality of sounds we hear in rooms
What is reverberation time?
The time it takes for the sound to decrease to 1/1000 of its original pressure
What is intimacy time?
The time between when sound arrives directly from the stage and when the first reflection arrives
What is the bass ratio?
The ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies that are reflected from walls and other surfaces
What is the spaciousness factor?
The fraction of all of the sound received by a listener that is indirect sound
How do we analyze auditory scenes with simultaneous grouping?
Location
Onset synchrony
Timbre and pitch
Harmonicity
Why is onset synchrony a strong cue for segregation?
If two sounds start at different times, they likely came from different sources
How do we analyze auditory scenes with sequential grouping?
Similarity of pitch
Auditory continuity
Experience
What is auditory stream segregation?
The percept of a string of sounds as belonging together
What is auditory continuity?
Sounds that stay constant of that change smoothly are often produced by the same source
What is a melody schema?
A representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a person’s memory
What is the ventriloquism effect (visual capture)?
Vision dominating hearing
Occurs when sounds coming from one place appear to come from another place
What is the two-flash illusion?
When a single dot is flashed onto a screen a single beep happens at the same time, only one flash is perceived.
If a single dot is accompanied by two beeps, there the participant will see two flashes
What is lipreading?
Watching lip movement to better understand what someone is saying
