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PSYCH 367 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cue approach to depth perception?

A

Focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene

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2
Q

What is occlusion?

A

A cue that one object is in front of another

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3
Q

What are the three major groups of depth cues?

A

Oculomotor
Monocular
Binocular

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4
Q

What are oculomotor cues?

A

Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles

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5
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

Cues based on the visual information available within one eye

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6
Q

What are binocular cues?

A

Cues that depend on visual information within both eyes

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7
Q

What are oculomotor cues created by?

A

Convergence and accommodation

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8
Q

What is convergence?

A

The inward movement of the eyes that occurs when we look at nearby objects

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9
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The change in the shape of the lens that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances

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10
Q

What do monocular cues only work with?

A

One eye

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11
Q

What type of cues do monocular cues include?

A

Accommodation
Pictorial cues
Movement-based cues

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12
Q

What are pictorial cues?

A

Sources of depth information that can be depicted in a picture

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13
Q

What is relative height?

A

Objects closer to the horizon are usually seen ad being more distant
Being higher in the field of view causes objects on the ground to appear father away, being lower in the field of view causes objects in the sky to appear farther away

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14
Q

What is familiar size?

A

When we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects

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15
Q

What is relative size?

A

When two objects are known to be of equal physical size, the one that is farther away will take up less of your field of view than one that is closer

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16
Q

What is perspective convergence?

A

When things appear to converge in the distance

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17
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The further an object is away, the more air and particles we have to look through
Distant objects appear less sharp and sometimes have a blue tint

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18
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

When a number of similar objects are equally spaced throughout a scene
Results in a perception of depth, with elements seen as being spaced more closely being perceived as further

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19
Q

What are shadows?

A

Decreases in light intensity caused by the blockage of light, provides information regarding the locations of these objects
Enhances the three-dimensionality of objects

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20
Q

What are motion-produced cues?

A

Motion parallax
Deletion and accretion

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21
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

Occurs when, as we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly

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22
Q

What are the applications of motion parallax?

A

Important source of depth information for animals
Enable mechanical robots to determine how far they are from obstacles
Used to create an impression of depth in video games

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23
Q

What are decretion and accretion?

A

As an observer moves sideways, some things become covered and others become uncovered

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24
Q

What is stereoscopic depth perception?

A

Depth perception created by input from both eyes

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25
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Cues that depend on visual input from both eyes

26
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Misalignment of the eyes
The visual system suppresses vision in one of the eyes to avoid double vision = sees the world with only one eye at a time

27
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

The difference in the images on the left and right retinas, is the basis of stereroscopic vision

28
Q

What are corresponding retinal points?

A

Points on the retina that would overlap if the eyes were superimposed on each other

29
Q

What is a horopter?

A

Objects that fall on corresponding points are located on a surface called the horopter

30
Q

What are noncorresponding points?

A

The images of objects that are not on the horopter

31
Q

What is absolute disparity?

A

The degree to which an image deviates from falling on corresponding points

32
Q

What is the angle of disparity?

A

The amount of absolute disparity

33
Q

What is crossed disparity?

A

The pattern of disparity where the left eye sees and object to the right of the observer’s fixation point and the right eyes sees that same object to the left of the fixation point

34
Q

When does crossed disparity occur?

A

Whenever an object is closer to the observer than where the observer is looking

35
Q

What is uncrossed disparity?

A

The pattern of disparity where the left eye sees an object to the left of the observer’s fixation point and the right eyes sees the same object to the right of the fixation point

36
Q

When does uncrossed disparity occur?

A

Whenever an object is behind the horopter

37
Q

What is relative disparity?

A

Related to how we judge the distance between two objects

38
Q

What does the angle of disparity provide information about?

A

An object’s distance from the horopter

39
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

The impression of depth that results from information provided by binocular disparity

40
Q

What is the random-dot stereogram?

A

Used to isolate disparity information from other depth cues
Two random dot patterns are shown from a computer generating two identical random-dot patterns and then shifting a square shaped section of the dots one more units to the side

41
Q

What is a stereoscope?

A

A device that uses two lenses to focus the left image on the left eye and the right image on the right eye

42
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

How does the visual system match the parts of images in the left and right eyes that correspond to each other

43
Q

What are some solutions to the correspondence problem?

A

Matching the images on the left and right retinas on the basis of the specific features of the objects

44
Q

What are binocular depth cells/disparity selective cells?

A

Respond best when stimuli presented to the left and right eyes create a specific amount of disparity

45
Q

What is a disparity tuning curve?

A

A function of firing rate over disparity in degrees

46
Q

What are disparity-selective neurons responsible for?

A

Stereopsis

47
Q

What are frontal eyes?

A

Results in overlapping fields of view that can use disparity to perceive depth
Must have this for binocular disparity

48
Q

What are lateral eyes?

A

Have much less overlap and therefore can only use disparity in the small area of the overlap to perceive depth
By sacrificing binocular disparity, they gain a wider field of view

49
Q

What can our ability to perceive an object’s size be drastically affect by?

A

Our ability to perceive the object’s distance

50
Q

What is visual angle?

A

The angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye
Tells us how large the object will be on the back of the eye

51
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Our perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view it from different distances

52
Q

What is size-distance scaling?

A

Takes an object’s distance into account
S=K(RxD)
As a person walks away from you, the size of the person’s image on your retina gets smaller but your perception of the person’s distance gets larger

53
Q

What is Emmert’s law?

A

The relationship between the apparent distance of the afterimage and its perceived size
The further away the after image, the larger it seems

54
Q

What is the muller-lyer illusion?

A

One line appears to be longer than the other due to angle fins when in reality they are the same length

55
Q

What is misapplied size constancy scaling?

A

Size constancy typically helps us maintain a stable perception of objects by taking distance into account. Causes lines to appear to be at different distances

56
Q

What is conflicting cues theory?

A

Our perception of line length depends on two cues
-the actual length of the vertical lines
-the overall length of the figure

57
Q

What is the Ponzo illusion?

A

The top animal appears further away because the depth information provided makes the top animal appear further away
Scaling mechanisms corrects for apparently increased depth

58
Q

What is the Ames room?

A

Cause two people of equal size to appear very different in size

59
Q

What is the moon illusion?

A

When the moon is on the horizon it appears much larger than when it is high in the sky

60
Q

What is apparent distance theory?

A

Moon illusion has to do with the perceived distance of the moon
The moon on the horizon looks more distant than up high in the sky

61
Q

What is angular size constancy?

A

The high in the sky moon appears smaller because the large expanse of sky surrounding it makes it appear smaller by comparison

PSYCH 367 (27 decks)

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