The control of action Flashcards by Perez Nurian

An important scientific breakthrough in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease from the tragic overdose of adults in San Jose, California, who thought they had taken heroin but instead had ingested MPTP, a chemical that selectively destroys

D……………………………… cells.

Dopaminergic

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The discovery of the effect of

M………..

allowed for the creation of animal models of Parkinson’s disease, and, thus, the massive increase in studies of Parkinson’s disease treatment.

MPTP

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A part of the body that can move is referred to as an

E…………………….

Effector

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A…………..

motor neurons provide the primary communication between muscles and the nervous system.

Alpha

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Alpha motor neurons originate in the

S……………. cord

and terminate on

the M…………………..,

releasing the neurotransmitter

A………………………………..

and causing muscle contraction.

Spinal

Muscles

Acetylcholine

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Extrapyramidal tracts receive input from

C………………….. and S……………………..

structures and send information to

the S……………….cord.

The D……………………….. fibers

originate in the

B…………………………….

Cortical

Subcortical

Spinal

Descending

Brainstem

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The corticospinal tract is also referred to as the

P……………………….. tract.

These descending fibers originate in the cortex and project

M………………………………..

to the spinal cord.

Pyramidal

Monosynaptically

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Primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is

A…………………. to the

C…………………. sulcus.

Most of the

C…………………….. F…………………………

originate in this area.

Central

Corticospinal Fibers

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Brodmann area …….

includes

S……………………….. motor areas

like the P……………………. cortex and the

S…………………………….. motor area.

Secondary

Premotor

Supplementary

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The primary and secondary motor cortices contain

S……………………………

representations.

Somatotopic

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Motor areas are

H……………………. :

The L……………………. level

is the S…………………… cord,

from which motor neurons project to activate muscles.

Hierarchical

Lowest

Spinal

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Subcortical and cortical areas, including motor cortex, can represent actions at more

A…………………… levels

corresponding to movement

G……………………

Abstract

Goals

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Although areas higher on the motor hierarchy

M……………………. activity,

L…………… levels

are sufficient for producing movement

P…………………….

Modulate

Lower

Patterns

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The S………………… reflex

is an important spinal mechanism for maintaining postural stability. It remains presence in the absence of higher level commands.

Stretch

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Descending motor signals

must M…………………

stretch reflexes to produce

V…………………………

movements.

Modulate

Voluntary

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Motor plans represent

the G……………….

of motor actions. They can be location based as in

E………………………… control,

or they can be

R……………………………..

of distance or

T……………………………

plans for an action.

Goals

Endpoint

Representations

Trajectory

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Motor learning can occur at a high level in the motor hierarchy,

I………………………………

of the muscular system (as demonstrated by your ability to sign your name fairly well with your dominant hand, nondominant hand,

T…………..,

or even mouth).

I…………………………………

T……………

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A population vector is a representation of a movement formed by

S……………………………

of the activity of many neurons, usually in

P………………………. or S………………………..

motor cortex.

Summation

Primary

Secondary

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Population vectors can be used to predict intended

M…………………………..

Movement

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When hooked up to a

C…………………… or

R………………. A……………,

the population vector can be used to control a computer cursor or robotic arm.

Computer

Robotic Arm

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Such brain-machine interfaces may prove useful for people who have

L…………

mobility because of stroke or another neurological problem.

Lost

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M……………….. neurons

are neurons in premotor cortex

and other areas (like the parietal lobe) that respond to an action, both when the animal

O…………………. a S………………

action produced by another animal.

Mirror

Observes

Similar

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A mirror neuron might

R……………………..

when the animal cracks a peanut, as well as when the animal

W………………….

someone else crack a peanut or

H……………….

the sound of a peanut cracking.

Respond

Watches

Hears

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S……………………. motor neurons

tend to be active during

I………………………..

guided movements.

Supplementary

Internally

P....................... neurons tend to be active during E.......................... guided sequences.

Premotor Externally

P....................... circuits are involved in motor planning.

Parallel

A circuit that includes the parietal lobe, lateral premotor and cerebellar pathways is essential for producing spatially D.................... or G....................... movements.

Directed Guided

These movements dominate during the early stages of S................. A.........................

Skill Acquisition

A second circuit, associated with the S............................. motor area, B.................... G.................., and perhaps the T..................... lobe, becomes more dominant as the skill is well learned and driven by an internal representation of the desired action.

Supplementary Basal Ganglia Temporal

Both circuits converge on the M............... C................., the primary link between the cortex and limbs for V..................... movements.

Motor Cortex Voluntary

The cerebellum is located at the base of the M.............. P........................... portion of the brain.

Most Posterior

The cerebellum is divided into three parts: V................................., S................................. and N...................................

Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Neocerebellum

The vestibulocerebellum is innervated by the brainstem V.......................... N........................., and output is projected back to the S..................... region.

Vestibular Nuclei Same

The output from the spinocerebellum originates in the M.................... cerebellar nuclei and innervates the S................ cord and N............. of the E............................ system.

Medial Spinal Nuclei Extrapyramidal

The neocerebellum is heavily innervated by the C....................... C..................... and sends its output back to the cortex.

Cerebral Cortex

One computational account of cerebellar function emphasizes a role in controlling the T................ of M.......................... A variant of this idea is that the cerebellum provides P.............................. of forthcoming sensory events.

Timing Movements Predictions

The basal ganglia are a collection of five nuclei: the C....................., P......................., G..................... P......................., S........................ nucleus, and substantia N.....................

Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nigra

I.................... to the basal ganglia is restricted primarily to the caudate and putamen, collectively called the S........................

Input Striatum

O................. from the basal ganglia originates in the I........................ segment of the globus pallidus and part of the substantia nigra.

Output Internal

Motor control by the basal ganglia is cortically mediated via T........................ projections.

Thalamic

There are two pathways within the basal ganglia: D...................... and I..........................

Direct Indirect

The direct pathway consists of direct inhibitory projections from the S....................... to the G....................... P..................... and S....................... N.......................

Striatum Globus Pallidus Substantia Nigra

The indirect pathway also connects the striatum to these output nuclei, but only through intervening processing stages involving the E................. segment of the G..................... P..................... and the S......................... nucleus.

External Globus Pallidus Subthalamic

All the output signals from the basal ganglia are I..........................

Inhibitory

The basal ganglia can be hypothesized as playing a critical role in the I....................... of actions, or the ability to shift actions to those that are most often R...........................

Initation Rewarded

Hemiplegia most frequently results from hemorrhage in the M................... C........................ A...................... and results in a L.................. of voluntary movements on the side of the body C................................ to the lesion.

Middle Cerebral Artery Loss Contralateral

A....................... is characterized by coordination deficits that cannot be attributed to hemiplegia, motoric problems of weakness, sensory loss, or motivation.

Apraxia

In I........................ apraxia, a patient appears to have a sense of what the desired action is but cannot execute the action properly.

Ideomotor

In I............................. apraxia, the patient’s knowledge about the intent of an action is D............................. This deficit often manifests itself in the lost of K............................. of proper tool use.

Ideational Disrupted Knowledge

Apraxia is usually associated with L.....-H................. lesions, often in the P.......................... C...................

Left-Hemisphere Parietal Cortex

Damage to the cerebellum produces A...................... in which movements become U............................ and E..........................

Ataxia Uncoordinated Erratic

Parkinson’s disease results from cell death D............. in the S......................... N.............., a brainstem nucleus that is part of the basal ganglia.

Death Substantia Nigra

Parkinson’s disease includes disorders of P....................... and L........................, H............................... (the absence or reduction of voluntary movement), and B................................. (slowness in initiating and executing movement).

Posture Locomotion Hypokinesia Bradykinesia

The drug L-D............. is used in treating Parkinson’s disease because it is effective in compensating for the loss of E.............................. D................................

Dopa Endogenous Dopamine

D.........-B............. stimulation is a surgical technique in which electrodes are chronically implanted in the brain. This procedure has become a novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease with implants usually placed in the S................................ nucleus.

Deep-Brain Subthalamic

Huntington’s disease is a P....................... D............................ disorder that appears in the fourth or fifth decade of life.

Progressive Degenerative

Huntington’s disease is is characterized by C........................., B....................... problems, R.............................. and I............................. movements (or chorea).

Clumsiness Balance Restlessness Involuntary

A...................... is most prominent in the basal ganglia, especially the striatum. Huntington’s disease has a S.................... G........................ component.

Atrophy Strong Genetic