Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuroscience > The control of action > Flashcards

The control of action Flashcards

1
Q

An important scientific breakthrough in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease from the tragic overdose of adults in San Jose, California, who thought they had taken heroin but instead had ingested MPTP, a chemical that selectively destroys

D……………………………… cells.

A

Dopaminergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The discovery of the effect of

M………..

allowed for the creation of animal models of Parkinson’s disease, and, thus, the massive increase in studies of Parkinson’s disease treatment.

A

MPTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A part of the body that can move is referred to as an

E…………………….

A

Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A…………..

motor neurons provide the primary communication between muscles and the nervous system.

A

Alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alpha motor neurons originate in the

S……………. cord

and terminate on

the M…………………..,

releasing the neurotransmitter

A………………………………..

and causing muscle contraction.

A

Spinal

Muscles

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts receive input from

C………………….. and S……………………..

structures and send information to

the S……………….cord.

The D……………………….. fibers

originate in the

B…………………………….

A

Cortical

Subcortical

Spinal

Descending

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The corticospinal tract is also referred to as the

P……………………….. tract.

These descending fibers originate in the cortex and project

M………………………………..

to the spinal cord.

A

Pyramidal

Monosynaptically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is

A…………………. to the

C…………………. sulcus.

Most of the

C…………………….. F…………………………

originate in this area.

A

Anterior

Central

Corticospinal Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brodmann area …….

includes

S……………………….. motor areas

like the P……………………. cortex and the

S…………………………….. motor area.

A

6

Secondary

Premotor

Supplementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The primary and secondary motor cortices contain

S……………………………

representations.

A

Somatotopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motor areas are

H……………………. :

The L……………………. level

is the S…………………… cord,

from which motor neurons project to activate muscles.

A

Hierarchical

Lowest

Spinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subcortical and cortical areas, including motor cortex, can represent actions at more

A…………………… levels

corresponding to movement

G……………………

A

Abstract

Goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Although areas higher on the motor hierarchy

M……………………. activity,

L…………… levels

are sufficient for producing movement

P…………………….

A

Modulate

Lower

Patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The S………………… reflex

is an important spinal mechanism for maintaining postural stability. It remains presence in the absence of higher level commands.

A

Stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Descending motor signals

must M…………………

stretch reflexes to produce

V…………………………

movements.

A

Modulate

Voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor plans represent

the G……………….

of motor actions. They can be location based as in

E………………………… control,

or they can be

R……………………………..

of distance or

T……………………………

plans for an action.

A

Goals

Endpoint

Representations

Trajectory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Motor learning can occur at a high level in the motor hierarchy,

I………………………………

of the muscular system (as demonstrated by your ability to sign your name fairly well with your dominant hand, nondominant hand,

T…………..,

or even mouth).

A

I…………………………………

T……………

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A population vector is a representation of a movement formed by

S……………………………

of the activity of many neurons, usually in

P………………………. or S………………………..

motor cortex.

A

Summation

Primary

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Population vectors can be used to predict intended

M…………………………..

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When hooked up to a

C…………………… or

R………………. A……………,

the population vector can be used to control a computer cursor or robotic arm.

A

Computer

Robotic Arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Such brain-machine interfaces may prove useful for people who have

L…………

mobility because of stroke or another neurological problem.

A

Lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

M……………….. neurons

are neurons in premotor cortex

and other areas (like the parietal lobe) that respond to an action, both when the animal

O…………………. a S………………

action produced by another animal.

A

Mirror

Observes

Similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A mirror neuron might

R……………………..

when the animal cracks a peanut, as well as when the animal

W………………….

someone else crack a peanut or

H……………….

the sound of a peanut cracking.

A

Respond

Watches

Hears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

S……………………. motor neurons

tend to be active during

I………………………..

guided movements.

A

Supplementary

Internally

25
Q

P………………….. neurons

tend to be active during

E……………………..

guided sequences.

A

Premotor

Externally

26
Q

P………………….. circuits

are involved in motor planning.

A

Parallel

27
Q

A circuit that includes the parietal lobe, lateral premotor and cerebellar pathways is essential for producing spatially

D……………….. or G…………………..

movements.

A

Directed

Guided

28
Q

These movements dominate during the early stages of

S…………….. A…………………….

A

Skill

Acquisition

29
Q

A second circuit, associated with the

S……………………….. motor area,

B……………….. G………………,

and perhaps

the T………………… lobe,

becomes more dominant as the skill is well learned and driven by an internal representation of the desired action.

A

Supplementary

Basal Ganglia

Temporal

30
Q

Both circuits converge on

the M…………… C……………..,

the primary link between the cortex and limbs for

V………………… movements.

A

Motor Cortex

Voluntary

31
Q

The cerebellum is located at the base of the

M………….. P………………………

portion of the brain.

A

Most

Posterior

32
Q

The cerebellum is divided into three parts:

V……………………………,

S…………………………… and

N……………………………..

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

Neocerebellum

33
Q

The vestibulocerebellum is innervated by the brainstem

V…………………….. N…………………….,

and output is projected back to the

S………………… region.

A

Vestibular Nuclei

Same

34
Q

The output from the spinocerebellum originates in the

M……………….. cerebellar nuclei

and innervates

the S……………. cord and

N…………. of the

E………………………. system.

A

Medial

Spinal

Nuclei

Extrapyramidal

35
Q

The neocerebellum is heavily innervated by the

C………………….. C…………………

and sends its output back to the cortex.

A

Cerebral Cortex

36
Q

One computational account of cerebellar function emphasizes a role in controlling

the T……………. of M……………………..

A variant of this idea is that the cerebellum provides

P…………………………

of forthcoming sensory events.

A

Timing

Movements

Predictions

37
Q

The basal ganglia are a collection of five nuclei:

the C…………………,

P…………………..,

G………………… P…………………..,

S…………………… nucleus,

and substantia N…………………

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

Subthalamic

Nigra

38
Q

I……………….. to

the basal ganglia is restricted primarily to the caudate and putamen, collectively called the

S……………………

A

Input

Striatum

39
Q

O…………….. from

the basal ganglia originates in the

I…………………… segment

of the globus pallidus and part of the substantia nigra.

A

Output

Internal

40
Q

Motor control by the basal ganglia is cortically mediated via

T…………………… projections.

A

Thalamic

41
Q

There are two pathways within the basal ganglia:

D…………………. and I……………………..

A

Direct

Indirect

42
Q

The direct pathway consists of direct inhibitory projections from

the S………………….. to the

G………………….. P…………………

and S………………….. N…………………..

A

Striatum

Globus Pallidus

Substantia Nigra

43
Q

The indirect pathway also connects the striatum to these output nuclei, but only through intervening processing stages involving

the E…………….. segment of the

G………………… P…………………

and the S……………………. nucleus.

A

External

Globus Pallidus

Subthalamic

44
Q

All the output signals from the basal ganglia are

I……………………..

A

Inhibitory

45
Q

The basal ganglia can be hypothesized as playing a critical role in the

I………………….. of actions,

or the ability to shift actions to those that are most often

R………………………

A

Initation

Rewarded

46
Q

Hemiplegia most frequently results from hemorrhage in

the M………………. C…………………… A………………….

and results in a

L……………… of voluntary movements

on the side of the body

C…………………………..

to the lesion.

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

Loss

Contralateral

47
Q

A…………………..

is characterized by coordination deficits that cannot be attributed to hemiplegia, motoric problems of weakness, sensory loss, or motivation.

A

Apraxia

48
Q

In I…………………… apraxia,

a patient appears to have a sense of what the desired action is but cannot execute the action properly.

A

Ideomotor

49
Q

In I……………………….. apraxia,

the patient’s knowledge about the intent of an action is

D………………………..

This deficit often manifests itself in the lost of

K………………………..

of proper tool use.

A

Ideational

Disrupted

Knowledge

50
Q

Apraxia is usually associated with

L…..-H…………….. lesions,

often in the

P…………………….. C……………….

A

Left-Hemisphere

Parietal Cortex

51
Q

Damage to the cerebellum produces

A………………….

in which movements become

U………………………. and E……………………..

A

Ataxia

Uncoordinated

Erratic

52
Q

Parkinson’s disease results from

cell death D………….

in the S……………………. N…………..,

a brainstem nucleus that is part of the basal ganglia.

A

Death

Substantia Nigra

53
Q

Parkinson’s disease includes disorders of

P………………….. and L……………………,

H………………………….

(the absence or reduction of voluntary movement), and

B……………………………

(slowness in initiating and executing movement).

A

Posture

Locomotion

Hypokinesia

Bradykinesia

54
Q

The drug

L-D………….

is used in treating Parkinson’s disease because it is effective in compensating for the loss of

E………………………… D…………………………..

A

Dopa

Endogenous

Dopamine

55
Q

D………-B…………. stimulation

is a surgical technique in which electrodes are chronically implanted in the brain.

This procedure has become a novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease with implants usually placed in the

S………………………….. nucleus.

A

Deep-Brain

Subthalamic

56
Q

Huntington’s disease is a

P………………….. D……………………….

disorder that appears in the fourth or fifth decade of life.

A

Progressive

Degenerative

57
Q

Huntington’s disease is is characterized by

C…………………….,

B………………….. problems,

R…………………………

and I……………………….. movements (or chorea).

A

Clumsiness

Balance

Restlessness

Involuntary

58
Q

A………………….

is most prominent in the basal ganglia, especially the striatum. Huntington’s disease has a

S……………….. G……………………

component.

A

Atrophy

Strong

Genetic

neuroscience (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions