Object Recognition Flashcards
Perception and R…………………
are two distinct phenomena, the understanding of which is one of the core issues of cognitive neuroscience.
Recognition
Patient G.S. suffered from
V……………….. agnosia.
Even though he does not have problems with visual
A………………….,
he is unable to recognize common objects when they are presented
V………………….,
although he can recognize them if he is allowed
to T…………… or smell them.
Visual
Acuity
Visually
Touch
The V……………….,
or O…………………..
pathway is specialized for object perception and recognition. This is often referred to as the
“W………………” pathway.
Ventral
Occipitotemporal
What
The D………………..,
or O……………………….
pathway is specialized for spatial
P…………………….
and is often referred to as the
“W……………” pathway.
Dorsal
Occipitoparietal
Perception
Where
Neurons in the
P…………………… lobe
have large, nonselective
R………………….
fields with cells representing both
the F………………. and
the P…………………….
Parietal
Receptive
Fovea
Periphery
Neurons in
the T………………..
lobe have large receptive fields that are much more
S……………………
and always represent
F………………… information.
Temporal
Selective
Foveal
The L…………….. occipital cortex
is an important region
for S……………………
and object recognition.
Lateral
Shape
D.F. suffered from visual agnosia as a result of bilateral lesions to the
V………………. pathway,
encompassing the lateral occipital cortex.
Ventral
Despite her inability to consciously
I…………………..
objects of report their properties, she performed well on a task that required her to insert a card into a
S……………………
This example provides a dissociation between the “what” and “where” pathways.
Identify
Slot
The “what” pathway is essential in determining the identity of an
O………………….;
the “where” pathway is essential for determining
the L………………………….
of different objects and guiding interactions with these objects.
Object
Location
An alternative characterization of the functional difference between the ventral and dorsal pathways focuses on
“vision for R…………………………..”
versus
“vision for A……………………”
to emphasize that
the D……………………. pathway
provides strong input to the motor systems to guide action.
Recognition
Action
Dorsal
Patients with O……………. ataxia
have the opposite symptoms from those of D.F.:
They can recognize objects but
cannot U…………… visual information
to G………………….. A……………………
Optic
Use
Guide Action
Optic ataxia is associated with lesions
of the P………………………….. cortex.
Parietal
A………………………… agnosia
is a V………….-stream disorder
in which F……………………………..
in object recognition are linked to problems in perceptual processing.
Apperceptive
Ventral
Failures
A patient with apperceptive agnosia may
R…………………………..
an object from a typical viewpoint, but performance will
D…………………………..
when the patient is asked
to N………………….. an object
that is seen from an unusual viewpoint or is occluded by shadows.
Recognize
Deteriorate
Name
A…………………………… agnosia
describes patients who derive normal visual
representations but cannot use
this I…………………… to
R………………………………… things.
Associative
Information
Recognize
A person with associative agnosia
might be able to identify two pictures of the same object as being the same, but will
F…………….. to demonstrate
an U……………………………..
of what the object is used for or where it is likely to be found.
Fail
Understanding
I………………………… agnosia
(exemplified by H.J.A.) is a deficit that results in the inability to integrate
P…………………. of an object
into a C……………………….. whole.
Integrative
Parts
Coherent
C…………………………-specific deficits
are deficits of object recognition that are
R……………………………. to C……………………….
classes of objects.
Category
Restricted
Certain
Evidence for category-specific deficits
comes from lesion studies as well as computer
modeling studies that find that
V…………………….. lesions
to either V……………………….. or functional
S…………………………. systems
produce category-specific deficits.
Virtual
Visual
Semantic
P…………………………..
is an inability to recognize
F…………………………
that cannot be attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.
Such a condition usually results from damage to the
ventral “W……………..” pathway.
Prosopagnosia
Faces
What
Acquired alexia is characterized by
R…………………………… problems
that occur after a patient has a stroke or head trauma.
Reading
In alexia without agraphia, patients have alexia but
R………………………
the ability to write.
Retain
Object C……………………………….
is the ability we have to recognize objects in
C………………………… situations
(e.g., when occluded and when shown in abnormal colors or from abnormal angles).
Constancy
Countless
There are two main theories of object recognition:
one based on a
view-D……………………………
frame to reference;
the other, on a view-I……………………………
frame of reference.
Dependent
Invariant
In view-dependent theories, perception is assumed
to depend on recognition of an object from a certain
V………………………………..
Viewpoint
View-invariant theories posit that recognition does
N………. H………………..
by simple analysis of stimulus information.
Not Happen
On the basis of her experiences with agnosias, Elizabeth Warrington proposed an anatomical model of object recognition that involved
(a) initial V…………………. processing in both occipital cortices,
(b) P………………………. categorization that takes place in the
R……………….. hemisphere,
(c) S…………………………. categorization that depends on the
L…………………. hemisphere.
Visual
Perceptual
Right
Semantic
Left
A……………………. processing
is a form of perceptual analysis that emphasizes the
C………………………… P…………………..
of an object and is associated with processing in the
L………………….. hemisphere.
Analytic
Component Parts
Left
Analytic-processing impairments are seen in cases of
A………………………..
Alexia
H……………………. processing
is a form of perceptual analysis that emphasizes the
O…………………. S…………………
of an object and is associated with processing in the
R……………….. hemisphere.
Holistic
Overall Shape
Right
Holistic-processing impairments are often seen with
P………………………………
Prosopagnosia
Neurophysiologists have recorded from neurons in various areas of the monkey brain, including the
S…………………….. T……………………….. S……………..,
which appear to respond selectively to face stimuli.
Superior Temporal Sulcus
Functional MRI studies show that an area in the
F………………………. G…………………
of the T…………………… lobe
of humans is engaged during face perception.
This region is referred to as the fusiform face area, or
F……
Fusiform Gyrus
Temporal
FFA
There is some debate as to whether the FFA is
selective for faces, or whether it is activated in perceptual
discrimination tasks that require find
D…………………………….
Discriminations
When fMRI evidence is combined with data from patient
literature and the face
I……………………….. effect,
the selectivity of the FFA for face processing appears
to be the most plausible explanation for the functioning of that region.
Inversion
The face I……………….. effect
reflects the phenomenon that, when faces are viewed in their normal orientation, they are
I…………………………. recognized.
However, recognition is much more difficult when the faces being viewed are
I…………………………
This is T…………….
in chimpanzees as well.
Inversion
Immediately
Inverted
True
Studies show that we process information about our own faces
in the R…………….. hemisphere.
Right
Just as the FFA is specialized for processing faces, the
P…………………….. P………………….. area (PPA)
is specialized for processing information about
S……………….. relations or
for C………………………. objects
based on spatial properties (e.g., an indoor versus outdoor scene).
Parahippocampal Place
Spatial
Classifying
In general, visual imagery relies on the same neural mechanisms as
V………………… P…………………. does,
as demonstrated by psychophysics, neuroimaging, and TMS experiments.
Visual Perception
Patients with higher order visual deficits have related
deficits in
V………………….. I…………………..
Visual Imagery
