Cellular mechanisms and cognition

Question 1

G.W., a college-aged female who developed symptoms

of paranoia,

D…………………………………..

thinking, and emotional behavior was later diagnosed

with

S………………………….

Answer 1

Disorderly

Schizophrenia

Question 2

Schizophrenia affects some 1% of the population and is

considered to be a disorder of

C……………………………

that has both genetic and

E……………………………

etiologies.

Answer 2

Cognition

Environmental

Question 3

Neurons and

G……………………

cells make up the nervous system.

Answer 3

Glial

Question 4

Neurons are the cells that

T…………………………..

information throughout the nervous system. Most

neurons consist of a cell soma (body),

A……………………,

and

D……………………………………

Answer 4

Transmit

Axon

Dendrites

Question 5

Neurons come in many shapes and sizes, but they can

be classified into four morphological types:

U……………………,

B…………………,

P……………………………….

and

M………………………….

Answer 5

Unipolar

Bipolar

Pseudounipolar

Multipolar

Question 6

Synapses occur at various

L……………………………………

along the neuron, primarily at the dendrites, and often on

the dendritic

S…………………,

where information is

R……………………..

Answer 6

Locations

Spines

Received

Question 7

The presynaptic cell is located

B…………………….

the synapse with respect to information flow; the

P…………………………

cell is located after the synapse with respect to

information flow. Nearly all neurons are both pre-and

postsynaptic, since they both

R…………………….

and

T……………………… information.

Answer 7

Before

Postsynaptic

Receive

Transmit

Question 8

Glial cells aid in the speed of information transfer by

forming M……………………

around the axons of the neurons; they also carry out other

roles in the nervous system, such as providing structural

support and forming the

B……………..-B……………………. B…………………………..

Answer 8

Myeling

Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 9

An A………………………………..

is a type of glial cell that forms the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 9

Astrocyte

Question 10

An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell that forms myelin

in the C………………….. N…………………………. S……………………….

Answer 10

Central Nervous System.

Question 11

A S…………………… cell is a type of glial cell that forms

myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 11

Schwann

Question 12

Nodes of Ranvier are the spaces between

S…………………………

of myelin where voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels are

located and action potentials occur.

Answer 12

Sheaths

Question 13

The resting membrane potential is the difference in the

V……………………………..

across the neuronal membrane during rest (i.e., not

during any phase of the action potential).

Answer 13

Voltage

Question 14

The permeability of a membrane for a specific ion

depends on the extent to which the ion

C……………………

permits ions to cross the

M…………………………..

Answer 14

Channel

Membrane

Question 15

ATP is the main source of

E………………………….

for the neuron and is used to operate the

Na⁺-……… pump.

Answer 15

Energy

K⁺

Question 16

The electrical gradient results from the

A…………………………………..

distribution of ions across the membrane.

The electrical difference across the membrane is the

basis of the

R…………………….. potential.

Answer 16

Asymmetrical

Resting

Question 17

The Nernst equation is used to find the equilibrium

potential for the

I……….

Answer 17

Ion

Question 18

The G………………….. equation

takes into account the

P………………………………..

of several ions in determining the membrane potential.

Answer 18

Goldman

Permeability

Question 19

Passive current conduction is called electronic

conduction or

D…………………………….. conduction.

Answer 19

Decremental

Question 20

A depolarizing current makes the inside of the cell

M…………………. P…………………….

and therefore more likely to generate an action potential.

Answer 20

More Positive

Question 21

A H…………………………………….

current makes the inside of the cell less positive and

therefore less likely an action potential.

Answer 21

Hyperpolarizing

Question 22

The spike-triggering zone is the part of the neuron where

the A………………… P……………………

is generated.

Answer 22

Action Potential

Question 23

Action potentials are an all-or-none phenomenon:

The amplitude of the action potential does

N…….. D……………….

on the S……………..

of the triggering depolarization, as long as that

depolarization reaches threshold for initiating the

A……………….. P……………………..

Answer 23

Not Depend

Size

Action Potential

Question 24

Voltage-gated C…………………….

are of prime importance of generating an action potential

because they open and close according to the

M…………………………… P……………………………

Answer 24

Channels

Membrane Potential

Question 25

The large depolarization that is characteristics of the

I……………………….. phase

of the action potential is driven by the self-reinforcing

cycle of the voltage-gated

N… channels.

Answer 25

Initial

Na⁺

Question 26

K⁺ channels open

more S……………………….

than Na⁺ channels, but K⁺ efflux out of the cell is

much G…………………

than Na⁺ influx into the cell.

Answer 26

Slowly

Greater

Question 27

After the Na⁺ have closed, some K⁺ channels will remain

O………………….,

bringing the membrane potential closer to the K⁺

equilibrium potential, which is below the resting potential

of the M…………………………..

Answer 27

Open

Membrane

Question 28

The I………………………………..

of the Na⁺ channels leads to the absolute

R……………………………. period,

during which no action potentials can be generated.

Answer 28

Inactivation

Refractory

Question 29

During the R……………………..

refractory period, which follows

the A………………………

refractory period, the membrane is hyperpolarized

because of the

S…………… closure

of K⁺ channels. During this time it is more difficult, but not

impossible, for an action potential

to be G…………………………

Answer 29

Relative

Absolute

Slow

Generated

Question 30

M……………………

allows for the rapid transmission of an action potential

down an axon via saltatory conduction.

Answer 30

Myelin

Question 31

Ion channels are formed by

T………………………………………..

proteins that create passageways through which ions

can flow.

Answer 31

Transmembrane

Question 32

The P…………………………

that make up ion have several levels of structure:

primary (order of the A…………………… A………………….),

secondary (how the amino acid chains coil, as in a

A………………- H…………………), tertiary (folding of coiled

amino acids upon themselves to C……………….

complex three-dimensional structures),

quaternary (combining of T………………….. structures to

create a final structure).

Answer 32

Proteins

Amino Acids

Alpha-Helix

Create

Tertiary