Language Flashcards
The mental lexicon is a repository of information about words that includes
S…………………. and S……………………….
information, as well as the details of word forms.
Semantic
Syntactic
Semantic information describes
M……………… of the W……………..;
syntactic information describes how words are
C…………………. to form a S……………………;
words forms describe information about how words are spelled and their
S……………….. P……………………
Meaning
World
combined
Sentence
Sound Patterns
Word representations can be either
O………………………. (vision based) or
P………………………. (sound based).
Orthographic
Phonological
Collins and Loftus proposed one very influential model in which word meanings are represented in a
S…………………. N……………………..
where words, represented by
C……………….. N……………….,
are connected with each other.
Semantic Network
onceptual Nodes
W…………………….
and here colleagues used data from their patients who had language difficulties isolated to living things (as opposed to man-made objects) to theorize about the organization of
S………………… I…………………….
Warrington
Semantic Information
On the basis of work with lesion patients, Damasio and her colleagues similarly proposed that the brain’s
C…………………
networks involve several neuronal structures in the
L…… and R…….. hemispheres.
These conceptual networks are connected to the lexical networks in the left temporal lobe and might contain specialized information for
P……………..,
A………………….,
or T………………….
Conceptual
Left
Right
Persons
Animals
Tools
A P……………………
is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning.
Phoneme
The sound of phonemes in spoken words is influenced
by V………………..,
the P………………. of articulation,
and the M……………….. of articulation.
Voicing
Point
Manner
The P……………. of S………………….
is the rhythm and the pitch of the speaker’s voice.
Prosody Speech
S…………… C………………………
involves the superior temporal cortex. People with damage to this area have pure word
D…………………..
Sound Comprehension
Deafness
A M………………………
is the smallest unit of language that has meaning.
Morpheme
Written-word processing takes place in
O……………………….. regions
of the left hemisphere. Damage to this area can cause
pure A…………….,
a condition in which patients cannot
R…………. W……………..,
even though other aspects of language are
N…………………
Occipitotemporal
Alexia
Read Words
Normal
The main components of word recognition are
lexical A…………………,
lexical S…………………,
and lexical I……………………….
Access
Selection
Integration
Lexical access is the process by which
P………………. I…………….
activate word information in the mental lexicon, including
S………………… and S…………………..
information about the word.
Perceptual Inputs
Semantic
Syntactic
In lexical selection of the activated word form representations, the one that best matches the sensory input will be
S………………………..
Selected
Lexical integration is the process by which
L………………….. I…………………..
is combined with
C………………….
and background knowledge in order to arrive at a representation and
U………………………….
of the overall message.
Linguistic Information
Contextual
Understanding
Occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere may be specialized for the
I…………………… of O…………………….. units.
Identification
Orthographic
When we need to translate the orthographic input into phonological information that can be used to pronounce the word,
the L…….. I……………… F……………. G………….,
including the V………….. P……….. of B…………. area,
seems to play a role.
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Ventral part Broca
M……………….. (autonomous) models
claim that normal language comprehension is executed within
S………………… and I……………… modules.
Modular
Separate
Independent
I………………….. models
maintain that
A…………. T…………….
of information can participate in word
R……………………
Interactive
All types
Recognition
Language disorders, generally called
A………………,
can include deficits in
C……………….. or P………………….
of language resulting from neurological damage.
Aphasias
Comprehension
Production
A……………….. A…………….. patients
have difficulty producing or understanding the structure of sentences.
Agrammatic Aphasic
Patients with Broca’s aphasia have damage to the area of the brain (Broca’s area) responsible for
P……………. S………………. P……………….
and thus have marked difficulty producing
S……………………….
Planning Speech Production
Speech
Wernicke’s aphasia results from damage to the area of the brain responsible for
S………………. C……………………
(Wernicke’s area in the
P………………… T…………………..
of the superior temporal gyrus).
Speech Comprehension
Posterior Third
Aphasia can also result from damage to the connection between Wernicke’s and broca’s areas
(the A…………….. F………………….).
Arcuate Fasciculus
C…………………… A……………………
is the disorder that results from such damage, and people with this type of aphasia have problems producing
S…………………… S………………………..,
as well as repeating speech.
Conduction Aphasia
Spomtaneous Speech
A……………………..,
or difficult pronouncing words, results from a lesion to
the I…………………….
Apraxia
Insula
In aphasic patients, PET measures obtained during a resting state revealed
H…………………….
(lower glucose utilization) in the
T…………………………. region,
regardless of the type of aphasia.
Hypometabolism
Temporoparietal
In the ERP method,
the N……………
is a negative-polarity brain wave related to semantic processes in language, and
the P………/SPS
is a large positive component elicited after a syntactic violation.
N400
P600
Peter Hagoort proposes a new neural model of language that suggests three functional components to language processing:
M………………. (storage and retrieval of words),
U…………………… (the integration of phonological, semantic, and syntactic information into an overall representation of the whole utterance),
and C…………………. (relating language to action).
Memory
Unification
Control
