Neuroanatomy and development

Question 1

Gross neuroanatomy encompasses the

L………………….. brain

structures that can be viewed by the naked eye; fine

neuroanatomy,

or M………………………………. neuroanatomy,

has to do with the organization of the brain at the cellular

or S…………………………… level.

Answer 1

Large

Microscopic

Subcellular

Question 2

The central nervous system consists of the brain and

S…………………….. C…………………..

The P………………….. nervous system

consists of all nerves outside of the central nervous

system.

Answer 2

Spinal Cord

Peripheral

Question 3

The L…………………..

of the brain include the frontal, parietal, temporal,

occipital

(and occasionally L…………………….) lobes.

Answer 3

Lobes

Limbic

Question 4

The frontal lobe is for

P……………………………,

C………………………. control, and

E………………………… of movements.

Answer 4

Planning

Cognitive

Execution

Question 5

The P………………….. lobe

receives sensory input about touch,

P……………..,

temperature, and

L……………….. position,

and is involved in

coding S………………………. and

coordinating A…………………….

Answer 5

Parietal

Pain

Limb

Space

Actions

Question 6

The temporal lobe contains

A………………………….,

V…………………… and

M………………………… processing areas.

Answer 6

Auditory

Visual

Multimodal

Question 7

The occipital lobe processes

V………………….. information.

Answer 7

Visual

Question 8

The L…………………. lobe

is involved in

E…………………….. processing,

L……………………….,

and M……………………

Answer 8

Limbic

Emotional

Learning

Memory

Question 9

G……………

are the protruding areas seen on the surface of the

C……………………….;

sulci, or fissures, are the enfolded regions of cortex.

Answer 9

Gyri

Cortex

Question 10

Gray matter is formed by

the cell B………………..

in the brain; white matter is formed by the

A……………………

Answer 10

Bodies

Axons

Question 11

W……………… matter

forms tracts that connect various regions of the brain.

Tracts are referred to by source and then by target. For

example, the corticospinal tract goes from the cortex to

the S………………. C……………………….

Answer 11

White

Spinal Cord

Question 12

R………………………………….

tracers are injected at the axon terminal and proceed up

the axon to label the cell body.

Answer 12

Retrograde

Question 13

Anterograde tracers are injected at the cell body and

travel down the axon to label the axon and the axon

T…………………………..

Answer 13

Terminals.

Question 14

The corpus C………………………….

is the largest interhemispheric (commissural)

W…………………… matter

tract in the brain.

Answer 14

Callosum

White

Question 15

Brodmann divided the brain into distinct regions based

on the underlying

C……………………………………….

Answer 15

Cytoarchitectonics

Question 16

Cerebral cortex can be

S……………………………

into major regions that differ in the degree

of complexity of the neuronal

L…………………………………

(e.g., neocortex, allocortex, and paleocortex).

Answer 16

Subdivided

Layering

Question 17

The basal ganglia are involved in

M……………………. processing.

Answer 17

Movement

Question 18

The H…………………………

is involved in learning and

M………………………..

Answer 18

Hippocampus

Memory

Question 19

The thalamus is the relay station for almost all

S……………………….. information.

Association cortex is

N……………………………………

that is neither sensory nor motor in function.

Answer 19

Sensory

Neocortex

Question 20

The hypothalamus is important for the

A………………………….. nervous system and

E……………………. system.

It controls functions necessary for the maintenance of

H…………………………………………..

It is also involved in emotional processing and in the

control of the

P…………………………. gland.

Answer 20

Autonomic

Endocrine

Homeostasis

Pituitary

Question 21

The brainstem includes the

M………………..,

P…………,

and M…………………

Answer 21

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Question 22

The C…………………………..

integrates information about the body and motors

commands and modifies motor outflow to effect smooth,

coordinated movements.

Answer 22

Cerebellum

Question 23

The spinal cord conducts the final motor signals to the

M…………………….,

and it relays sensory information from the body’s

peripheral receptors to the

B………………..

Answer 23

Muscles

Brain

Question 24

The A………………………… nervous system

is involved in controlling the action of smooth muscles,

the H……………………….,

and various glands. It includes

the S………………………….

and P……………………………. systems.

Answer 24

Autonomic

Heart

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 25

The sympathetic system uses the neurotransmitter N........................................... This system I...................................... heart rate, diverts blood from the digestive tract to the S............................ musculature, and prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses by stimulating the A........................glands.

Answer 25

Norepinephrine Increases Somatic Adrenal

Question 26

The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine as a N................................ It is responsible for D.............................. heart rate and stimulating D...............................

Answer 26

Neurotransmitter Decreasing Digestion

Question 27

The nervous system develops from the E........................., which forms a neural plate.

Answer 27

Ectoderm

Question 28

The neural plate becomes the neural grooves and eventually the N....................... T........................

Answer 28

Neural Tube

Question 29

Neuronal proliferation is the process of cell D......................... in the developing E.......................... and F................... It is responsible for populating the nervous system with N............................

Answer 29

Division Embryo Fetus Neurons

Question 30

Neurons and glial cells are formed from P........................... cells. After mitosis these cells migrate along the R.................... G......................... cells to the developing cortex.

Answer 30

Precursor Radial Glial

Question 31

The key to the type of cell that will be made (e.g., a stellate or pyramidal cell) appears to be the time at which the cell is B....................... (genesis) rather than the time as which it begins to M......................

Answer 31

Born Migrate

Question 32

The radial unit hypothesis states that the columnar organization in the A.................. cortex is derived during development from cells that divide in the V..................... region.

Answer 32

Adult Ventricular

Question 33

A belief strongly held by the general public (and, until recently, by most neuroscientists) was that the A........................ brain produces no N................... N...........................

Answer 33

Adult New Neurons

Question 34

We now know that that is not the case and that new neurons form throughout L................ in certain brain regions.

Answer 34

Life

Question 35

Synaptogenesis is the birth of new S...........................; N....................... is the birth of new neurons.

Answer 35

Synapses Neurogenesis

Question 36

The adult brain is plastic – that is, able to change or remap its function. The topographic map of the S............................. C....................., for instance, will remap to reflect changes in S............................... E............................. (e.g., increased use of the fingers of the left hand as in violin playing, or increased use of part of the body because of the loss of a limb).

Answer 36

Sensory Cortex Sensory Experience

Question 37

And the visual cortex is able to remap to process information about touch and audition after S................................ D........................ (e.g., the onset of blindness).

Answer 37

Sensory Deprivation

Question 38

The mechanisms that underlie C........................ plasticity are not entirely understood but might include one or both of the following: (a) unveiling of weak connections that already exist in the cortex through the release from I......................... and/or changes in the efficacy of the synapses; (b) G................... of new neurons or synapses.

Answer 38

Cortical Inhibition Growth