Neuroanatomy and development Flashcards
Gross neuroanatomy encompasses the
L………………….. brain
structures that can be viewed by the naked eye; fine
neuroanatomy,
or M………………………………. neuroanatomy,
has to do with the organization of the brain at the cellular
or S…………………………… level.
Large
Microscopic
Subcellular
The central nervous system consists of the brain and
S…………………….. C…………………..
The P………………….. nervous system
consists of all nerves outside of the central nervous
system.
Spinal Cord
Peripheral
The L…………………..
of the brain include the frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital
(and occasionally L…………………….) lobes.
Lobes
Limbic
The frontal lobe is for
P……………………………,
C………………………. control, and
E………………………… of movements.
Planning
Cognitive
Execution
The P………………….. lobe
receives sensory input about touch,
P……………..,
temperature, and
L……………….. position,
and is involved in
coding S………………………. and
coordinating A…………………….
Parietal
Pain
Limb
Space
Actions
The temporal lobe contains
A………………………….,
V…………………… and
M………………………… processing areas.
Auditory
Visual
Multimodal
The occipital lobe processes
V………………….. information.
Visual
The L…………………. lobe
is involved in
E…………………….. processing,
L……………………….,
and M……………………
Limbic
Emotional
Learning
Memory
G……………
are the protruding areas seen on the surface of the
C……………………….;
sulci, or fissures, are the enfolded regions of cortex.
Gyri
Cortex
Gray matter is formed by
the cell B………………..
in the brain; white matter is formed by the
A……………………
Bodies
Axons
W……………… matter
forms tracts that connect various regions of the brain.
Tracts are referred to by source and then by target. For
example, the corticospinal tract goes from the cortex to
the S………………. C……………………….
White
Spinal Cord
R………………………………….
tracers are injected at the axon terminal and proceed up
the axon to label the cell body.
Retrograde
Anterograde tracers are injected at the cell body and
travel down the axon to label the axon and the axon
T…………………………..
Terminals.
The corpus C………………………….
is the largest interhemispheric (commissural)
W…………………… matter
tract in the brain.
Callosum
White
Brodmann divided the brain into distinct regions based
on the underlying
C……………………………………….
Cytoarchitectonics
Cerebral cortex can be
S……………………………
into major regions that differ in the degree
of complexity of the neuronal
L…………………………………
(e.g., neocortex, allocortex, and paleocortex).
Subdivided
Layering
The basal ganglia are involved in
M……………………. processing.
Movement
The H…………………………
is involved in learning and
M………………………..
Hippocampus
Memory
The thalamus is the relay station for almost all
S……………………….. information.
Association cortex is
N……………………………………
that is neither sensory nor motor in function.
Sensory
Neocortex
The hypothalamus is important for the
A………………………….. nervous system and
E……………………. system.
It controls functions necessary for the maintenance of
H…………………………………………..
It is also involved in emotional processing and in the
control of the
P…………………………. gland.
Autonomic
Endocrine
Homeostasis
Pituitary
The brainstem includes the
M………………..,
P…………,
and M…………………
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
The C…………………………..
integrates information about the body and motors
commands and modifies motor outflow to effect smooth,
coordinated movements.
Cerebellum
The spinal cord conducts the final motor signals to the
M…………………….,
and it relays sensory information from the body’s
peripheral receptors to the
B………………..
Muscles
Brain
The A………………………… nervous system
is involved in controlling the action of smooth muscles,
the H……………………….,
and various glands. It includes
the S………………………….
and P……………………………. systems.
Autonomic
Heart
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
The sympathetic system uses the neurotransmitter
N…………………………………….
This system
I………………………………..
heart rate, diverts blood from the digestive tract to the
S………………………. musculature,
and prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses by
stimulating the
A……………………glands.
Norepinephrine
Increases
Somatic
Adrenal
The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine as a
N…………………………..
It is responsible for
D…………………………
heart rate and stimulating
D………………………….
Neurotransmitter
Decreasing
Digestion
The nervous system develops from the
E…………………….,
which forms a neural plate.
Ectoderm
The neural plate becomes the neural grooves and
eventually the
N………………….. T……………………
Neural Tube
Neuronal proliferation is the process
of cell D…………………….
in the developing
E…………………….. and F……………….
It is responsible for populating the nervous system with
N……………………….
Division
Embryo
Fetus
Neurons
Neurons and glial cells are formed from
P……………………… cells.
After mitosis these cells migrate along
the R……………….. G……………………. cells
to the developing cortex.
Precursor
Radial Glial
The key to the type of cell that will be made (e.g., a
stellate or pyramidal cell) appears to be the time at which
the cell is
B………………….. (genesis)
rather than the time as which it begins to
M………………….
Born
Migrate
The radial unit hypothesis states that the columnar
organization in
the A……………… cortex
is derived during development from cells that divide in
the V………………… region.
Adult
Ventricular
A belief strongly held by the general public (and, until
recently, by most neuroscientists) was that the
A……………………
brain produces no
N………………. N………………………
Adult
New Neurons
We now know that that is not the case and that new
neurons form throughout
L……………. in certain brain regions.
Life
Synaptogenesis is the birth of
new S………………………;
N…………………..
is the birth of new neurons.
Synapses
Neurogenesis
The adult brain is plastic – that is, able to change or
remap its function. The topographic map of the
S……………………….. C…………………,
for instance, will remap to reflect changes in
S…………………………. E………………………..
(e.g., increased use of the fingers of the left hand as in
violin playing, or increased use of part of the body
because of the loss of a limb).
Sensory Cortex
Sensory Experience
And the visual cortex is able to remap to process
information about touch and audition after
S………………………….. D……………………
(e.g., the onset of blindness).
Sensory Deprivation
The mechanisms that underlie
C…………………… plasticity
are not entirely understood but might include one or both
of the following: (a) unveiling of weak connections that
already exist in the cortex through the release from
I…………………….
and/or changes in the efficacy of the
synapses; (b) G………………. of new neurons or synapses.
Cortical
Inhibition
Growth
