Learning and memory Flashcards
H.M. received a bilateral temporal lobectomy for treatment of chronic epilepsy.
The surgery left him unable to form
N…… L……-term M…………………….
New
Long
Memories
Learning is the process of
A…………………….
new information, the outcome of which is
M………………….
Acquiring
Memory
Learning has many stages, including
E…………………….
(acquisition and consolidation),
S……………………. and
R………………………
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
S……………………… memory
lasts only seconds at most
Sensory
S……-T…………… memory
lasts seconds to minutes
Short-Term
L……….-T……….. memory
lasts days to years.
Long-Term
Echoic memory is sensory memory for
A……………………..
Audition
Iconic memory is sensory memory for
V…………….
Vision
W…………………. memory
extends the concept of short-term memory: it contains information that can be acted on and
P…………………………,
not merely maintained by
R……………………..
Working
Processed
Rehearsal
The central executive mechanism of the working memory system is the command-and-control center that presides over the interactions between
the P…………………. L…………. and
the V……………….. S…………… P…………
in the Baddeley-Hitch model.
Phonological Loop
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
The phonological loop is a hypothesized mechanism for
A……………………………
encoding information in
W……………………….. memory
Acoustically
Working
The visuospatial sketch pad is a
S…….-T……….. M……………. store
that permits information storage in either purely
V…………….. or V………………………….
codes.
Short-Term Memory
Visual
Visuospatial
Long-term memory is split into two divisions:
D…………………… and N………………………….
Declarative
Nondeclarative
Declarative memory is knowledge that we can
C…………………………. access,
including
P………………………………… and
W………….. knowledge.
Consciously
Personal
World
Nondeclarative memory is knowledge that we cannot consciously access, such as
M………………… and C……………………….
skills, and other behaviors derived from
C………………………………..,
H……………………….. or
S……………………………….
Motor
Cognitive
Conditioning
Habituation
Sensitization
Declarative memory can be further broken down into
E………………… and S………………….. memory.
Episodic
Semantic
Episodic memory involves
C………………… awareness of
P……….. E………………..;
it is our personal,
A…………………………….. memory.
Conscious
Past Events
Autobiographical
Semantic memory is the
W………….. K………………………..
that we remember in the
A……………………..
of any recollection of the specific circumstances surrounding its learning.
World Knowledge
Absence
P……………………. memory
is a form of nondeclarative memory that involves the learning of a variety of
M…………… and C………………… skills.
Procedural
Motor
Cognitive
Other forms of nondeclarative memory include
perceptual P…………………..,
C………………….. responses and
N……………………….. learning.
Priming
Conditioned
Nonassociative
R……………………….. amnesia
is the loss of memory for events that happened in the past
(E……………………… memory)
and is one of the hallmarks of late-stage
A……………………..’s disease.
Retrograde
Episodic
Alzheimer
A………………………….. amnesia
is the loss of the ability to form new memories, as in the case of H.M.
Anterograde
Episodic memory requires an intact
M……………….. T………………… lobe
(primarily the H…………………………)
and related structures, such as the midline
D……………………………
Medial Temporal
Hippocampus
Diencephalon
Damage to the temporal lobe outside of the hippocampus can produce the loss of
E……………………. memory
even while the ability to acquire new memories remains
I……………………
Episodic
Intact
Patients with amnesia retain the ability to learn new information, particularly
N………………………………….. memories
(procedural memory, perceptual priming, and conceptual priming), but sometimes even
S……………………………. K……………………………..
may be learned.
Nondeclarative
Semantic Knowledge
The A…………………………..
is not a crucial part of the system for episodic memory, but it is important for
E…………………………….. memory.
Amygdala
Emotional
Functional-MRI evidence suggests that the hippocampus is involved in
E………………….. and R………………………..
for episodic memories that are recollected, while areas outside the hippocampus, especially the
E………………………….. cortex,
support recognition based on
F……………………………
Encoding
Retrieval
Entorhinal
Familiarity
N…………………………………..
has confirmed the neural basis of memory demonstrated by animal and lesion studies and has provided some notable new findings, including, for example, evidence that the hippocampus and surrounding
P…………………………………. and
E……………………………… cortices
may play different roles in memory, supporting different forms of recognition memory.
Neuroimaging
Parahippocampal
Entorhinal
In Hebbian learning, if a
S……………………….
is active when a
P…………………………….
neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened.
Synapse
Postsynaptic
Long-term potentiation is the long-term
S…………………………..
of a synapse.
Strengthening
NMDA receptors are central to
P…………………….
LTP but not to
M…………………………… it.
Producing
Maintaining
