Sensation and perception Flashcards
Much of the brain is involved in the representation of information acquired from the different
S……………………………
receptors.
Sensory
Signal transduction from sound wave to neuronal signal begins at the
E………………………….
Eardrums
S……………………….
are processed in the hair cells and basilar membrane of the
C……………………………
sends its information in the form of neuronal signals to the inferior colliculus and the cochlear nucleus.
Signals
Cochlea
Information then travels to the medial geniculate nucleus of the
T……………………
and on to the
P……………………..
auditory cortex.
Thalamus
Primary
Sound localization is aided by the processing of differences in
interaural T………………..
and interaural S……………..
intensity, which are each coded
S…………………………..
in the brain.
Time
Sound
Separately
Signal T……………………
from odorant to neuronal signal begins when the odorant attaches to an odor receptor in the olfactory
E…………………………
Transduction
Epithelium
The signal in then sent to the
O……………………… B………………..
through the olfactory nerve, which synapses on the primary olfactory cortex.
Olfactory
Bulb
Signals are also relayed to the
O……………………… cortex,
a secondary olfactory processing area.
Orbitofrontal
The P……………………….. O………………… C………………………..
is important for detecting a change in
E………………………… odor.
Primary Olfactory Cortex
External
The secondary olfactory cortex is important for identifying
the S………………….. I…………………………
Smell
Itself
Similar to the importance of sampling sound from two ears, we use our two nostrils to obtain different
O……………………….. S………………………..,
varying the rate of air flow through each nostril and thus altering the rate of
A……………………………….
Olfactory Samples
Absorption
The anatomical proximity and neural interactions between
O………………………….. cortex
and the L………………….. system
likely account for why smells can trigger vivid memories.
Olfactory
Limbic
The olfactory pathway is the only sensory pathway that does
N……… S…………. I…………………………….
to the thalamus.
Not send information
Gustation and olfaction are known together as the
C…………………………. S…………………….
because the initial response is to molecules (chemicals) in the environment.
Chemical Senses
The five basic tastes are
S………………….., sour,
B………………………, sweet,
and U………………………
Salty
Bitter
Umami
The perception of more complex tastes arises from the complex cortical processing of these individual tastes in areas of the brain such as
the S…………………….. G……………………….. C…………………..
in the O…………………………region.
Secondary Gustatory Cortex
Orbitofrontal
Orbitofrontal cortex is also involved in processing the reward value of
F…………..
and the resulting
M…………………………..
to eat food.
Food
Motivation
Corpuscles located in the skin respond to somatosensory information such as
T……………………..,
P…………………………, and
T……………………………….
Touch
Pressure
Temperature
Nociceptors (free nerve endings) respond to
P……………………. I……………………………
Pain
Information
Nerve cells at the junctions of muscles and tendons provide
P…………………………….. information.
Propioceptive
P………………………. S…………………… C……………… (S1)
contains a homunculus of the body, with the more sensitive regions encompassing relatively larger areas of cortex.
Primary
Somatosensory
Cortex
Bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) receives sensory information from
B……………. S……………………
of the body, allowing for cross talk of sensory information.
Both Sides
Photoreceptors
(R………….. and C……………..
in the retina translate light into neural signals.
Rods
Cones
The three types of
C………………….
are sensitive to different regions of the visible spectrum and are used for
C………………….. P………………………….
Cones
Color
Perception
Rods are very sensitive even under low levels of illumination but are
N……….. C…………………… S…………………………..
Not Color Sensitive
The F…………………..,
at the center of the retina, is densely packed with
C…………………;
the P……………………….
of the retina contains
mostly R…………………
Fovea
Cones
Periphery
Rods
Light hits the retina and travels within the retina from rod or cone to bipolar cell to
G………………….. C………………..
Ganglion Cell
The O………………….. N…………………
is formed from the axons of the ganglion cells, some of which decussate at the
O……………….. C………………….
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Visual cortex is made up of many distinct regions, which carry out
S……………………….. P……………………….
functions.
Specialized Processing
Cells in area
……………
are sensitive to color information
and cells in V5 are sensitive to
M…………………. I………………………
V4
Motion Information
A…………………………..,
the inability to perceive color results from lesions to areas in and around human V4.
However, these regions do not just represent color, but also are important for
S………………… P………………….
Color is one
A……………………
that facilitates the perception of shape.
Achromatopsia
Shape Perception
Attribute
Akinetopsia, the inability to
P………………… M………………..
results from lesions to area
……… (human MT).
Process Motion
V5
Superior C……………….. lesions
impair the ability of an animal to orient toward the position of a stimulus (which is important for
S…………………….. O…………………….. ).
Colliculus
Spatial
Orientation
In some cases, patients with lesions of the visual cortex
exhibit B……………………..,
the ability to locate the position of a stimulus even when they are unaware of its presence.
Blindsight
Blindsight may occur because the information reaching
the S…………………….. C…………………….
is sufficient to indicate position or extrastriate regions are activated
W…………..
input from the primary visual cortex.
Superior
Colliculus
Without
Some areas of the brain, such as the superior colliculus and superior temporal sulci, process information from more than one sensory modality, integrating the
M…………………… I…………………..
to increase
the S…………………… and A…………………..
of perception.
Multimodal Information
Sensitivity
Accuracy
When multisensory information is presented coincidently in time and
S……………………….,
the multisensory neural response is
E………………………..
Space
Enhanced
When multisensory information
I…. N…….. P…………………….
coincidently in time and space, the multisensory neural response is
D……………………………
Is not presented
Depressed
People with synesthesia experience a mixing of the senses, like
colored H…………………,
colored G……………………., or
colored T………………
Hearing
Graphemes
Taste
The stimulus that triggers synesthesia is
the I…………………..,
and the synesthesic response is
the C…………………….
Inducer
Concurrent
There is some debate about where along the processing stream synesthesia is processed
–either early (P………………………..)
or late (P…………………………..).
Preconsciously
Postconsciously
Following sensory deprivation, the function of sensory regions of the cortex may become reorganized, or exhibit what is called
P……………………….
For instance, in blind individuals, areas of the brain that are usually involved in visual function may become part of
the S…………………………. C……………………..
Plasticity
Somatosensory Cortex
