Methods of cognitive neuroscience Flashcards
Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding how
O…………………… or I……………………..
are represented in the brain and how these representations are
M………………………….
Objects
Ideas
Manipulated
Fundamental goals of cognitive psychology include
I…………………………
the mental operations that are required to perform cognitive tasks and exploring the
L………………………….
in task performance.
Identifying
Limitations
C…………………………….. M……………………
are used to stimulate neural networks in order to ask questions about cognitive processes and to generate
P……………………
that can be tested in future research.
Computer
Models
Predictions
Single-cell
R…………………….
allows neurophysiologists to record from individual neurons in the animal brain in order to understand how
I…………………………. and D…………………………
in the activity of neurons correlate with simulation of one of the senses or behavior.
Recording
Increases
Decreases
With multiunit recording, the activity of hundreds of cells can be recorded at the same
T…………..
Time
Brain lesions, either naturally occurring
(in H……………………..)
or experimentally derived
(in A…………………….),
allow experimenters to test hypotheses concerning the functional role of the damaged brain region.
Humans
Animals
Gene
K…………………………
technology allows scientists to explore the consequences of the lack of expression of a
S…………………….
gene in order to determine its role in
B…………………………….
Knockout
Specific
Behavior
C…………………….
tomography (CT or CAT) uses
………-rays
to image the structure of the brain.
Computed
X
M…………………………… R…………………….. I…………………
(MRI) exploits the magnetic properties of the organic tissue of the brain in order to image its structure. The
S………………..
resolution of MRI is
S…………………….
to CT.
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
Spatial
Superior
Diffusion T…………………. imaging
(DTI), performed with magnetic resonance scanners, is used to measure
W…………………..
matter pathways in the brain.
Tensor
White
Angiography is used to evaluate the
C……………………
system in the brain.
Circulatory
T……………………
can cause neurological symptoms either by damaging neural tissue or by producing abnormal pressure on spared cortex and cutting off its blood supply.
Tumors
There are three major types of brain tumors:
G…………………….
originate in glial cells; meningiomas originate in the
M………………….; and
M…………………….. tumors
originate in a noncerebral structures and are carried to the brain after invading the bloodstream.
Gliomas
Meninges
Metastasic
Degenerative disorders include
H………………………… disease,
P……………………………. disease,
A…………………………… disease,
and AIDS-related D…………………………..
Huntington’s
Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s
Dementia
Neurological
T……………………
can result in damage at the site of the blow (coup) or at the site
O…………………….
the blow because of reactive forces
(C…………………….)
Trauma
Opposite
Countercoup
Certain brain regions such as the
O…………………………..
cortex are especially prone to damage from trauma.
Orbitofrontal
Epilepsy is characterized by
E…………………… and A………………………….
patterned activity in the brain.
Excessive
Abnormally
Intractable epilepsy can be relieved by surgery
to R………………………..
the focal region causing the epilepsy, or
to D………………………..
the two hemispheres of the brain to limit the spread of the epilepsy via callosotomy.
Remove
Disconnect
In deep-brain stimulation, electrodes are
I…………………………..
in the brain to relieve conditions like
P………………………. disease.
Implanted
Parkinson’s
In fetal brain transplants, fetal neurological tissue is transplanted into an
A……………………. brain
in order to replace neurons
D……………………..
by diseases like Parkinson’s.
Adult
Damaged
In stem cell implantation, undifferentiated cells are implanted into the brain or
S…………………. C…………..
The cells can differentiate into
N………………………..,
providing a mechanism to replace those that were damaged by trauma or disease –for instance, in spinal cord injury.
Spinal Cord
Neurons
Research involving patients with neurological disorders is used to examine
S…………….-F…………………….
relationships.
Structure
Function
Single and double
D……………………………
can provide evidence that damage to a particular brain region may result in a selective deficit of a certain
C…………………… operation.
Dissociations
Cognitive
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) utilizes
M……………………. P…………………….
to transiently alter local brain physiology.
Magnetic
Pulses
Electroencephalography (EEG) measures the
E………………………….
activity of the brain.
Electrical
The EEG signal includes
E……………………………..
changes in electrical activity, as well as changes triggered by specific events (e.g., stimuli or movements).
Endogenous
An event-related P……………….. (ERP)
is a change in electrical activity that is
T…………..-L…………………
to specific events, such as the presentation of a stimulus or the onset of a response
Potential
Time-Locked
When the events are repeated many times, the relatively
S……………………
changes in neural activity
t…………………..
by these events can be observed by
A……………………..
of the EEG signals.
Small
Triggered
Averaging
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the
M…………………….. S………………….
generated by the brain.
Magnetic
Signals
The spatial
R……………………………
can be superior because magnetic signals are minimally distorted by organic tissue such as the brain or skull.
Resolution
Positron emission tomography (PET) measures
M………………………
activity in the brain by monitoring the distribution of a
R……………………….. T…………………………..
Metabolic
Radioactive
Tracer
The PET scanner measures the
P……………..
that are produced during
D………………..
of the tracer.
Photons
Decay
A popular tracer is
……….
because it decays
R…………………..
and the
D………………………..
of oxygen increases to neural regions that are active.
O₁₅
Rapidly
Distribution
F………………………… magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
utilizes MRI to track
B…………………… F…………………
changes in the brain, which are thought to be correlated with local changes in neuronal activity.
Functional
Blood
Flow
