emotion Flashcards by Perez Nurian

Urbach-Wiethe disease, which caused an accumulation of glycoprotein calcium in the

M………. T……….

lobe and led to degeneration of the

A…………….

medial temporal

amygalae

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S.M. She did not appear to be able to comprehend

F………..

fear

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Her inability to sense fear was especially striking when considering that her perception of many other, more subtle emotions was essentially

I……………

Intact

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The amygdala must play a critical role in the identification of facial expressions of

F…………

Fear

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The fact that people could fail to comprehend one emotion with

L……….. I……………

in their knowledge of other emotions helped inspired new views in thinking about the neural bases of emotion.

Little Impairment

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Two primary categories of emotion:

(a) B……….. emotions, as seen through facial expression; and (b) D………… of emotion, seen as reactions to events.

Basic

Dimensions

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One of the more recent attempts to characterize basic emotions examined the U………………. of facial expression (Ekman&Friesen, 1971).

Universality

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Ekman and others suggested that anger, fear, disgust, hapiness, sadness and S…………………

A…. T…. S….. basic human facial expressions representing emotional states.

Surprise

Are the six

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One type of dimensional approach to categorization proposes that emotional reactions to stimuli and events can be characterized by two factors:

V………………. (pleasant-unpleasant or good-bad) and

A……….. (the intensity of the internal emotional response, high-low); Osgood et al., 1957; Russell, 1979).

Valence

Arousal

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Richard Davidson and colleagues (1990) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison suggested that different emotional reactions or states can motivate us either to

A………. or to W…… from situation.

Approach

Withdraw

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Fear and disgust may motivate us to W……. from the eliciting situations.

Withdraw

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Emotional responses involve a network of brain regions including the H……., A…….. T……., C…….. gyrus, and H…………….

Hypotalamus

Anterior Thalamus

Cingulate

Hippocampus

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Paul MacLean (1949, 1952) later named these structures the Papez circuit. He then extended this emotional network to include the A……………, O…………. C…………….., and portions of the B………………. G………………….

Amygdala

Orbitofrontal cortex

Basal Ganglia

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The hippocampus (Greek for “seahorse”) was the centerpiece of the L……………… S………………….

Limbic System

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The hippocampus was believed to R………….. inputs from E…………………. sensations, as well as from the I……………….. and visceral environment.

Receive

External

Internal

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The hippocampus have been shown to be more important for other, non emotional processes, such as

M………………………

Memory

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The amygdala is a small, almondshaped structure in the

M…………. T……………………… lobe adjacent to the anterior portion of the hippocampus.

Medial Temporal

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Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy at the University of Chicago (1939) documented unusual emotional responses in monkeys following

D……………. to this region. The observed deficit was called

P………………. B……………………….., and one of the prominent characteristics was a

L……….. O….. F…………… as demostrated by a tendency to approach objects that would normally

E…………………. a fear response.

Damage

Psychic Blindness

Lack of fear

Elicit

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The fear-related deficits observed with what became known as K………..-B……………….. S……………………..

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

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This type of learning, in which a neutral stimulus A…………….. A…………………… properties by virtue of being

P…………………….. with an aversive event, is an example of fear conditioning, and it is a primary paradigm used to investigate the amygdala’s role in

E………………… L…………………….

Acquires Aversive

Paired

Emotional Learning

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Fear conditioning is a form of C………………… conditioning in which the

U………………………… stimulus is A………………………….

Classical

Unconditioned

Aversive

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The light is the C………………………. stimulus (CS) because we are going to condition the rat to associate this

N…………………… stimulus with an aversive stimulus.

Conditioned

Neutral

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In this pretraining stage the rat will respond whit a normal startle response to any innately aversive

U………………….. stimulus (US) - for example , a foot shock or a loud noise- that invokes an

I………………………. F………………… response.

Unconditioned

Innate fear

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The rat has a natural F…………… response to the shock (usually startle or jump), called the U……………………….. response (UR).

This stage is referred to as

A……………..

Fear

Unconditioned

Acquisition

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This anticipatory F............. response is the C..................... response (CR).

Fear Conditioned

The CS and resulting CR can become unpaired again if the light (CS) is presented alone, without the shock, for many trials. This phenomenon is called E......................

Extinction

Generally, measures of A............................ nervous system A........................, such as a change in heart rate or skin conductance response, are quite useful in depecting a CR.

Autonomic Arousal

Damage to the amygdala I............ C................... fear responses .

Impairs Conditioned

Lesions to the amygdala do not usually block the UR to the aversive event, indicating that the amygdala is N... N....................... to exhibit a fear response.

Not necessary

The L................ N.................... of the amygdala serves as a C...................... area for information from multiple brain regions, allowing for the formation of A..................... underlying fear conditioning.

Lateral nucleus Convergence Associations

The lateral nucleus then P................... to the C........................ nucleus of the amygdala.

Projects Central

An important aspect of this circuitry of fear conditioning is that information about a US or a CS can reach the amygdala through two S................ and S............................ pathways (LeDoux, 1996).

Separate Simultaneous

One is sometimes called the L............ R............; it is quick but dirty. This is a subcortical pathway in which sensory information about stimulus project to the T........................., which in turn sends a signal directly to the amygdala.

Low Road Thalamus

The thalamus D....... N............. produce a S.................... analysis of this sensory information, but it can send a C...... S................. to the amygdala indicating whether this stimulus roughly resembles the CS.

Does Not Sophisticated Crude Signal

The H......... R.................... is somewhat S..............., but the analysis of the stimulus is more thorought and C......................

High Road Slower Complete

The sensory information projects to the thalamus; then the T......................... send this information to the S.......................... C........................... for a finer A................................ The sensory cortex P........................ the results of this analysis to the amygdala.

Thalamus Sensory Cortex Analysis Projects

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is said to be I.......................

Implicit

Although patients with amygdala damage fail to demostrate an direct CR, when they are asked to report the parameters of fear conditioning explicitly or consciously, they demostrate N............... D...........................

No Deficit

This D................................... between intact E...................... K.................... of the events that ocurred during fear conditioning and impaired conditioned responses has been shown also in other patients with amygdala damage.

Dissociation Explicit Knowledge

E......................... or declarative memory for events depends on another medial temporal lobe structure, the H...................................... Damage to the hippocampus I..................... the ability to explicitly report memory for an event.

Explicit Hippocampus Impairs

This double dissociation between patients who save amygdala lesions and patients with hippocampal lesions highlights the fact that the A....................... is necessary for the I................ E....................... of emotional learning, but not all forms of emotional learning and memory.

Amygdala Implicit Expression

The H..................... is necessary for the A......................... of explicit or D.......................... knowledge of the emotional properties of a stimulus, whereas the A......................... is critical for the A.......................... and expression of an I................ C.................... fear response.

Hippocampus Acquisition Declarative Amygdala Acquisition Implicitly conditioned

The amygdala interacts wiht other memory systems, particularly the H................ memory system, when there are E............... E...................... or information.

Hippocampal Emotional Events

The A............ is necessary for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are L....................... E..................., by means other than fear conditioning.

Amygdala Learned Explicitly

The A............................... can enhance the S............... of explicit or D............................. memories for emotional events by M........................ the storage of these memories.

Amygdala Stength Declarative Modulating

Her fear response is not based on actual experience with the dog , but rather is A......................., on the basics of her explicit knowledge of the potential aversive properties of this dog.

Anticipatory

This type of learning, in which we learn to fear or avoid a stimulus because of what W...... A.... T...... as oposed to actual experience, is a common example of emotional learning in humans.

We Are Told

Two methods by which humans can learn about the aversive properties of an event. (a) in fear conditioning, the aversive properties of the blue square are learned by T... P..................... of the square and shock. (b) In instructed fear, the blue square is linked to the shock by V.......... I....................... In both cases the amygdala P................ a role in the expression of the fear response.

The pairing Verbal Instruction Plays

I.................... F........... , in which a person fears a blue square because H................ W............... T............................. it might be paired with a shock.

Instructed fear He was told

Even though explicit learning of the emotional properties of the blue square depends on the hippocampal memory system, the A................................ is critical for the E..................... of some fear responses to the blue square.

Amygdala Expression

We can L.................... that stimuli in the world are linked to potentially aversive consequences in a V................ of W....................., including instruction, observation, and experience.

learn Variety Ways

The instructed-fear studies indicate that a H...............-............................, declarative representation about the emotional properties of stimuli C........ I......................... amygdala activity, which then modulates some indirect emotional responses.

Hippocampal-dependence Can influence

Can the amygdala M.................................... the activity of the hippocampus? James McGaugh and his colleagues found that the A.................. modulates the S.................................... of D.............................. memories for E............................... events

Modulate Amygdala Strenght Declarative Emotional

The memories that last over time are those of E........................ or I................... E................ These memories seem to have a persistent V................................. that other memories lack. One reason for this persistence may be related to the A..................... of the amygdala.

Emotional Important events Vividness Action

An A........................ response can influence the A....................................... T...... S................................ declarative or explicit memories.

Arousal Ability to store

Creating an arousal response is know to E................................ performance on declarative, hippocampal-dependent memory tasks in rats.

Enhance

McGaugh and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that this memory enhancement effect of arousal is B...................... by lesions to the amygdala.

Blocked

In S.M., bilateral damage to amygdala caused a deficit in I................................ facial expressions conveying fear. This deficit was later shown to be the result of an I............................ to automatically use information from others E................. to evaluate facial expressions.

Identifying Inability Eyes

Six basic human facial expressions represent emotional stages: A............., F..............., D......................, H......................., S...................... and S......................

Anger Fear Disgust Happiness Sadness Surprise

Another way to describe emotions is the D.......................... approach, which, instead of describing discrete states of emotion, describes emotions as reactions that vary along a C...........................

Dimensional Continuum

The P............... C................ describes the brain areas that James Papez believed were involved in E.....................

Papez Circuit Emotion

They include the H......................., A...................... T........................, C......................... G...................., and H............................ (and sometimes the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and portions of the basal ganglia).

Hypothalamus Anterior Thalamus Cingulated Gyrus Hippocampus

We no longer think there is O............ O............. neural circuit of emotion. Rather, depending on the emotional task or situation, we can expect D.............. N.................. S..................... to be involved.

Only One Different Neural Systems

The amygdala is heavily involved in F............ C............................. (a form of implicit memory).

Fear Conditioning

Information can reach the amygdala via two separate pathways: The “L....... R..............” and the "H.......... R........ "

Low Road High Road

The “low road” goes directly from the T....................... to the A.........................

Thalamus Amygdala

The “high road” goes from the C................... to the A..........................

Cortex Amygdala

The amygdala is also important for E.................... M...................... of emotional events.

Explicit Memory

The amygdala is necessary for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are L................ E..................., by means other than fear conditioning.

Learned Explicitly

The amygdala can enhance the strength of E...................... (or D.......................) memories for emotional events by modulating the storage of these memories.

Explicit Declarative

The amygdala appears to be necessary for A............................... deriving information from the eyes of others when identifying E..................... F.................... E..........................

Automatically Emotional Facial Expressions

This ability is especially critical for the proper identification of F............. because the defining characteristic of fear is an I......................... in the volume of the eye W......................

Fear Increase Whites

The amygdala is also activated during the C............................. of people into groups.

Categorization

Research into this phenomenon has elucidated how our brains participate in implicit S................................

Stereotyping

The amygdala may also participate in the processing of S........... facial expressions.

Sad

Other brain areas are associated with the processing of different emotions. The orbitofrontal cortex is activated when identifying A.............. F............... E...................... and H..................... A................... P..................... and the anterior insula is linked to identification and experience of D.......................

Angry Facial Expressions Hearing Angry Prosody Disgust

Ultimately, understanding how we perceive and experience emotion will require studying the interactions of a diverse set of N...................... S.........................

Neural Structures

Fear conditioning is a form of C..................... C........................ in which the unconditioned stimulus is A.................... It is a form of I....................... L.........................

Classical Conditioning Aversive Implicit Learning

The C...................... S.......................... is a neutral stimulus that, through classical conditioning, will eventually evoke a R........................

Conditioned Stimulus Response

The U......................... S........................ is the stimulus that, even without T....................., evokes a R........................

Unconditioned Stimulus Training Response

The unconditioned response is the response naturally E...................... (W............... T................) by the U................................ stimulus.

Elicited Without Training Unconditioned

The conditioned response is the response that is E........................ (W................. T....................) by the C........................ stimulus.

Elicited With Training Conditioned

Usually the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the S.................. (e.g., the startle response in the rat), but they have different names depending on what elicits the response.

Same

S.P., who, like S.M., had bilateral amygdala damage, failed to acquire a conditioned response during fear conditioning, indicating that the A....................... is necessary for such C................................. to occur.

Amygdala Conditioning