emotion Flashcards
Urbach-Wiethe disease, which caused an accumulation of glycoprotein calcium in the
M………. T……….
lobe and led to degeneration of the
A…………….
medial temporal
amygalae
S.M. She did not appear to be able to comprehend
F………..
fear
Her inability to sense fear was especially striking when considering that her perception of many other, more subtle emotions was essentially
I……………
Intact
The amygdala must play a critical role in the identification of facial expressions of
F…………
Fear
The fact that people could fail to comprehend one emotion with
L……….. I……………
in their knowledge of other emotions helped inspired new views in thinking about the neural bases of emotion.
Little Impairment
Two primary categories of emotion:
(a) B……….. emotions, as seen through facial expression; and (b) D………… of emotion, seen as reactions to events.
Basic
Dimensions
One of the more recent attempts to characterize basic emotions examined the U………………. of facial expression (Ekman&Friesen, 1971).
Universality
Ekman and others suggested that anger, fear, disgust, hapiness, sadness and S…………………
A…. T…. S….. basic human facial expressions representing emotional states.
Surprise
Are the six
One type of dimensional approach to categorization proposes that emotional reactions to stimuli and events can be characterized by two factors:
V………………. (pleasant-unpleasant or good-bad) and
A……….. (the intensity of the internal emotional response, high-low); Osgood et al., 1957; Russell, 1979).
Valence
Arousal
Richard Davidson and colleagues (1990) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison suggested that different emotional reactions or states can motivate us either to
A………. or to W…… from situation.
Approach
Withdraw
Fear and disgust may motivate us to W……. from the eliciting situations.
Withdraw
Emotional responses involve a network of brain regions including the H……., A…….. T……., C…….. gyrus, and H…………….
Hypotalamus
Anterior Thalamus
Cingulate
Hippocampus
Paul MacLean (1949, 1952) later named these structures the Papez circuit. He then extended this emotional network to include the A……………, O…………. C…………….., and portions of the B………………. G………………….
Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Basal Ganglia
The hippocampus (Greek for “seahorse”) was the centerpiece of the L……………… S………………….
Limbic System
The hippocampus was believed to R………….. inputs from E…………………. sensations, as well as from the I……………….. and visceral environment.
Receive
External
Internal
The hippocampus have been shown to be more important for other, non emotional processes, such as
M………………………
Memory
The amygdala is a small, almondshaped structure in the
M…………. T……………………… lobe adjacent to the anterior portion of the hippocampus.
Medial Temporal
Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy at the University of Chicago (1939) documented unusual emotional responses in monkeys following
D……………. to this region. The observed deficit was called
P………………. B……………………….., and one of the prominent characteristics was a
L……….. O….. F…………… as demostrated by a tendency to approach objects that would normally
E…………………. a fear response.
Damage
Psychic Blindness
Lack of fear
Elicit
The fear-related deficits observed with what became known as K………..-B……………….. S……………………..
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
This type of learning, in which a neutral stimulus A…………….. A…………………… properties by virtue of being
P…………………….. with an aversive event, is an example of fear conditioning, and it is a primary paradigm used to investigate the amygdala’s role in
E………………… L…………………….
Acquires Aversive
Paired
Emotional Learning
Fear conditioning is a form of C………………… conditioning in which the
U………………………… stimulus is A………………………….
Classical
Unconditioned
Aversive
The light is the C………………………. stimulus (CS) because we are going to condition the rat to associate this
N…………………… stimulus with an aversive stimulus.
Conditioned
Neutral
In this pretraining stage the rat will respond whit a normal startle response to any innately aversive
U………………….. stimulus (US) - for example , a foot shock or a loud noise- that invokes an
I………………………. F………………… response.
Unconditioned
Innate fear
The rat has a natural F…………… response to the shock (usually startle or jump), called the U……………………….. response (UR).
This stage is referred to as
A……………..
Fear
Unconditioned
Acquisition
This anticipatory F………….
response is the C………………… response (CR).
Fear
Conditioned
The CS and resulting CR can become unpaired again if the light (CS) is presented alone, without the shock, for many trials. This phenomenon is called
E………………….
Extinction
Generally, measures of A………………………. nervous system A……………………, such as a change in heart rate or skin conductance response, are quite useful in depecting a CR.
Autonomic
Arousal
Damage to the amygdala I………… C……………….
fear responses .
Impairs Conditioned
Lesions to the amygdala do not usually block the UR to the aversive event, indicating that the amygdala is
N… N…………………..
to exhibit a fear response.
Not necessary
The L……………. N………………..
of the amygdala serves as a
C…………………. area for information from multiple brain regions, allowing for the formation of
A………………… underlying fear conditioning.
Lateral nucleus
Convergence
Associations
The lateral nucleus then P………………. to the
C…………………… nucleus of the amygdala.
Projects
Central
An important aspect of this circuitry of fear conditioning is that information about a US or a CS can reach the amygdala through two
S……………. and S……………………….
pathways (LeDoux, 1996).
Separate
Simultaneous
One is sometimes called the
L………… R…………;
it is quick but dirty. This is a subcortical pathway in which sensory information about stimulus project to the
T……………………., which in turn sends a signal directly to the amygdala.
Low Road
Thalamus
The thalamus D……. N…………. produce a
S……………….. analysis of this sensory information, but it can send a
C…… S…………….. to the amygdala indicating whether this stimulus roughly resembles the CS.
Does Not
Sophisticated
Crude Signal
The H……… R……………….. is somewhat S……………, but the analysis of the stimulus is more thorought and
C………………….
High Road
Slower
Complete
The sensory information projects to the thalamus; then the T……………………. send this information to the
S…………………….. C……………………… for a finer
A………………………….. The sensory cortex
P…………………… the results of this analysis to the amygdala.
Thalamus
Sensory Cortex
Analysis
Projects
The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is said to be
I…………………..
Implicit
Although patients with amygdala damage fail to demostrate an direct CR, when they are asked to report the parameters of fear conditioning explicitly or consciously, they demostrate
N…………… D………………………
No Deficit
This D…………………………….. between intact
E…………………. K……………….. of the events that ocurred during fear conditioning and impaired conditioned responses has been shown also in other patients with amygdala damage.
Dissociation
Explicit Knowledge
E……………………. or declarative memory for events depends on another medial temporal lobe structure, the H………………………………..
Damage to the hippocampus I………………… the ability to explicitly report memory for an event.
Explicit
Hippocampus
Impairs
This double dissociation between patients who save amygdala lesions and patients with hippocampal lesions highlights the fact that the
A………………….. is necessary for the
I……………. E………………….. of emotional learning,
but not all forms of emotional learning and memory.
Amygdala
Implicit Expression
The H………………… is necessary for the
A……………………. of explicit or D……………………..
knowledge of the emotional properties of a stimulus, whereas the
A……………………. is critical for the
A…………………….. and expression of an
I……………. C……………….. fear response.
Hippocampus
Acquisition
Declarative
Amygdala
Acquisition
Implicitly conditioned
The amygdala interacts wiht other memory systems, particularly the
H……………. memory system, when there are
E…………… E…………………. or information.
Hippocampal
Emotional Events
The A………… is necessary for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are
L………………….. E………………., by means other than fear conditioning.
Amygdala
Learned Explicitly
The A…………………………. can enhance the
S……………
of explicit or
D……………………….. memories for emotional events by
M…………………… the storage of these memories.
Amygdala
Stength
Declarative
Modulating
Her fear response is not based on actual experience with the dog , but rather is
A………………….., on the basics of her explicit knowledge of the potential aversive properties of this dog.
Anticipatory
This type of learning, in which we learn to fear or avoid a stimulus because of what
W…… A…. T…… as oposed to actual experience, is a common example of emotional learning in humans.
We Are Told
Two methods by which humans can learn about the aversive properties of an event.
(a) in fear conditioning, the aversive properties of the blue square are learned by
T… P………………… of the square and shock.
(b) In instructed fear, the blue square is linked to the shock by
V………. I…………………..
In both cases the amygdala P……………. a role in the expression of the fear response.
The pairing
Verbal Instruction
Plays
I……………….. F……….. , in which a person fears a blue square because H……………. W…………… T………………………..
it might be paired with a shock.
Instructed fear
He was told
Even though explicit learning of the emotional properties of the blue square depends on the hippocampal memory system, the A………………………….. is critical for the
E………………… of some fear responses to the blue square.
Amygdala
Expression
We can L……………….. that stimuli in the world are linked to potentially aversive consequences in a
V……………. of W…………………, including instruction, observation, and experience.
learn
Variety
Ways
The instructed-fear studies indicate that a
H……………-……………………….,
declarative representation about the emotional properties of stimuli
C…….. I…………………….
amygdala activity, which then modulates some indirect emotional responses.
Hippocampal-dependence
Can influence
Can the amygdala M……………………………… the activity of the hippocampus?
James McGaugh and his colleagues found that the
A……………… modulates the
S……………………………… of D…………………………
memories for
E…………………………. events
Modulate
Amygdala
Strenght
Declarative
Emotional
The memories that last over time are those of
E…………………… or I………………. E…………….
These memories seem to have a persistent
V…………………………… that other memories lack. One reason for this persistence may be related to the
A………………… of the amygdala.
Emotional
Important events
Vividness
Action
An A…………………… response can influence the
A………………………………… T…… S…………………………..
declarative or explicit memories.
Arousal
Ability to store
Creating an arousal response is know to
E………………………….. performance on declarative, hippocampal-dependent memory tasks in rats.
Enhance
McGaugh and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that this memory enhancement effect of arousal is
B…………………. by lesions to the amygdala.
Blocked
In S.M., bilateral damage to amygdala caused a deficit in
I…………………………..
facial expressions conveying fear. This deficit was later shown to be the result of an
I……………………….
to automatically use information from others
E……………..
to evaluate facial expressions.
Identifying
Inability
Eyes
Six basic human facial expressions represent emotional stages:
A………….,
F……………,
D………………….,
H…………………..,
S…………………. and
S………………….
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise
Another way to describe emotions is the
D……………………..
approach, which, instead of describing discrete states of emotion, describes emotions as reactions that vary along a
C………………………
Dimensional
Continuum
The P…………… C…………….
describes the brain areas that James Papez believed were involved in
E…………………
Papez Circuit
Emotion
They include
the H…………………..,
A…………………. T……………………,
C……………………. G………………..,
and H……………………….
(and sometimes the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and portions of the basal ganglia).
Hypothalamus
Anterior Thalamus
Cingulated Gyrus
Hippocampus
We no longer think there is
O………… O………….
neural circuit of emotion. Rather, depending on the emotional task or situation, we can expect
D………….. N……………… S…………………
to be involved.
Only One
Different Neural Systems
The amygdala is heavily involved in
F………… C………………………..
(a form of implicit memory).
Fear Conditioning
Information can reach the amygdala via two separate pathways:
The “L……. R…………..” and
the “H………. R…….. “
Low Road
High Road
The “low road” goes directly from the
T…………………..
to the
A…………………….
Thalamus
Amygdala
The “high road” goes from the
C……………….
to the
A……………………..
Cortex
Amygdala
The amygdala is also important for
E……………….. M………………….
of emotional events.
Explicit Memory
The amygdala is necessary for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are
L……………. E……………….,
by means other than fear conditioning.
Learned Explicitly
The amygdala can enhance the strength of
E…………………. (or D…………………..)
memories for emotional events by modulating the storage of these memories.
Explicit
Declarative
The amygdala appears to be necessary for
A………………………….
deriving information from the eyes of others when identifying
E………………… F……………….. E……………………..
Automatically
Emotional Facial Expressions
This ability is especially critical for the proper identification
of F………….
because the defining characteristic of fear is an
I…………………….
in the volume of the
eye W………………….
Fear
Increase
Whites
The amygdala is also activated during the
C………………………..
of people into groups.
Categorization
Research into this phenomenon has elucidated how our brains participate in implicit
S…………………………..
Stereotyping
The amygdala may also participate in the processing of
S………..
facial expressions.
Sad
Other brain areas are associated with the processing of different emotions.
The orbitofrontal cortex is activated when identifying
A………….. F…………… E………………….
and H………………… A………………. P…………………
and the anterior insula is linked to identification and
experience of D…………………..
Angry Facial Expressions
Hearing Angry Prosody
Disgust
Ultimately, understanding how we perceive and experience emotion will require studying the interactions of a diverse set of
N…………………. S…………………….
Neural Structures
Fear conditioning is a form of
C………………… C……………………
in which the unconditioned stimulus is
A………………..
It is a form of
I………………….. L…………………….
Classical Conditioning
Aversive
Implicit Learning
The C…………………. S……………………..
is a neutral stimulus that, through classical conditioning, will eventually evoke a
R……………………
Conditioned Stimulus
Response
The U……………………. S……………………
is the stimulus that,
even without T…………………,
evokes a
R……………………
Unconditioned Stimulus
Training
Response
The unconditioned response is the response naturally
E…………………. (W…………… T…………….)
by the
U…………………………..
stimulus.
Elicited
Without
Training
Unconditioned
The conditioned response is the response that is
E…………………… (W…………….. T………………..)
by the
C……………………
stimulus.
Elicited
With Training
Conditioned
Usually the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are
the S………………
(e.g., the startle response in the rat), but they have different names depending on what elicits the response.
Same
S.P., who, like S.M., had bilateral amygdala damage, failed to acquire a conditioned response during fear conditioning, indicating that
the A…………………..
is necessary for such
C…………………………… to
occur.
Amygdala
Conditioning
