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Animal Health And Disease > The Complement System > Flashcards

The Complement System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

A

Classical, alternative, lectin

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of major complement components?

A

Release of inflammatory and chemotactic mediators
Opsonization of microbes
Direct killing of microbes

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3
Q

Classical pathway name?

A

Antigen-antibody complex

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4
Q

Alternative pathway name?

A

Bacterial endotoxin

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5
Q

Lectin pathway name?

A

Mannose-binding lectin

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6
Q

When does the complement system occur?

A

Early on

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7
Q

What cells are leukocytes?

A

Macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells

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7
Q

Locations of proteins in CS?

A

circulate in serum, cell surfaces (as receptors), neutrophil granules

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7
Q

What type of role does the complement system play in the adaptive system?

A

regulatory role

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8
Q

Functions of complement system in innate defense system (3)?

A

Protection against infections
Regulation of inflammation
Removal of damaged cells

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9
Q

What cells produce the proteins of the complement system?

A

Hepatocytes, monocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells in GI tract

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10
Q

Describe how the biochemical cascade principle works.

A

Proteins are synthesized as inactive precursors in health
They are ACTIVATED by cleavage by another complement protein immediately upstream to it
Results in active B protein that can continue to activate other proteins via subsequent cleavage

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11
Q

Nomenclature of inactive complement. Example?

A

simple number
C1

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11
Q

Cleavage product nomenclature? Example?

A

lower case letter suffix
C3b

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12
Q

Biochemical cascade is an extremely efficient process of __________.

A

amplification

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13
Q

letters of the alphabet alone in CS are?

A

Factors

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14
Q

How is the complement system activated? (2 ways)

A

pathogen itself or antibody bound to pathogen

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15
Q

Final goal of complement system? 3 methods?

A

Removal of the pathogen

Phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
Direct killing
Facilitates inflammatory responses that help to fight the pathogen

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16
Q

Describe 3 steps of CS activation?

A
  1. Classical, alternative, lectin pathways
  2. Generation of C3 convertase
  3. Generation of terminal membrane attack complex and other complement fragments which all facilitate removal of the pathogen
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17
Q

What is the classical pathway activated by?

A

antibody bound to the pathogen
REQUIRES ADAPTIVE

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18
Q

What is the alternative pathway activated by?

A

directly to pathogen surface

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19
Q

What is the lectin pathway activated by?

A

lectin binds to mannose on pathogen cell wall

20
Q

Sequence of the classical pathway?

A

C1 C4 C2 C3 C5-C9

21
Q

Write out the sequence of the classical pathway?

A

Slide 22

22
Q

Most common CS pathway?

A

Alternative

23
Q

Alternative pathway components nomenclature?

A

Capital letters are called factors

23
Q

Draw out alternative pathway.

A

Slide 25

24
Q

What does mannan-binding lectin recognize?

A

carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens

25
Q

Write out the lectin binding pathway?

A

Slide 27

26
Q

All three pathways generate ONE key effector protein called?

A

C3 convertase

27
Q

Review slide 33. Draw out mechanism.

A
28
Q

What is the first consequence of CS?

A

Chemotaxis of leukocytes via C3a and C5a

29
Q

Function of C3a?

A

a potent anaphyatoxin: causes contraction of smooth muscles. increases vascular permeability, causes degranulation of mast cells and basophils

30
Q

Function of C5a?

A

Stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, activation, and degranulation
Causes release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes

31
Q

Consequence 2 of CS?

A

Opsonization and phagocytosis via C3b

32
Q

What is consequence 3 of CS?

A

lysis of pathogens via C5-C9

32
Q

Draw out pathway of consequence 2?

A

Slides 37 and 38

33
Q

CD55 function?

A

accelerates degradation of complement factors on red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells to protect them from complement attack

33
Q

Draw out pathway of consequence 3.

A

Slide 41

34
Q

What does the CS need to be regulated?

A

potent system

34
Q

C1 inactivator function?

A

inhibits activated C1 components in the classical pathway

35
Q

Factor H function?

A

similar function than CD55 in alternative pathway

36
Q

CD59 function?

A

inhibits assembly of the MAC

37
Q

Complement receptors function?

A

ensure removal of antigen antibody complement complexes

38
Q

Describe the impact of C3 deficiency in Brittany Spaniels.

A

Renders the WHOLE complement system dysfunctional
SO
-reduced killing of bacteria by MAC
-reduced phagocytosis of bacteria
-deficiencies in acute inflammatory reactions with lower recruitment of leukocytes
-reduced ability to make antibodies

39
Q

Brittany Spaniels have an increased susceptibility to ___________.

A

bacterial infections

40
Q

Dogs less than 2 years developed serious _____________. Treatment?

A

Bacterial infections; antibiotics

41
Q

Brittany Spaniels with C3 deficiency at 4-7 years?

A

renal disease and ultimately renal failure

Inflammation of glomerulus (glomerulonephritis)

42
Q

Factor H deficiency observed in what species?

A

Yorkshire pigs

43
Q

Recall function of Factor H?

A

regulates the alternative pathway

44
Q

Deficiency of factor H results in?

A

Uncontrolled, overactive complement activation on healthy cells
Constant inflammatory state and autoimmune diseases
Renal failure (overabundance of C3 in kidney)

45
Q

Three pathways are activated by? (List)
Results in formation of?

A

Alternative- pathogen
Classical- antibody bound to pathogen
Lectin- mannose on pathogen surface

ALL C3 convertase

46
Q

Consequences (3) are triggered by and final outcome?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells
C3a, C5a
Destruction of pathogen by inflammatory cells

Opsonization of pathogen
C3b
Phagocytosis of pathogen

Formation of membrane attack complex on pathogen surface
C5-C9
Lysis of the pathogen

Animal Health And Disease (12 decks)

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