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Animal Health And Disease > Innate Immune Recognition and Effector Mechanisms > Flashcards

Innate Immune Recognition and Effector Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

PAMP abundance, prevalence, absent in what tissues?

A

Abundant, essential molecules
Common to many microbes
Absent from host tissues

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2
Q

PAMP Gram positive bacteria example?

A

peptidoglycans

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3
Q

PAMP gram negative bacteria example?

A

lipopolysaccharide

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4
Q

PAMP virus example?

A

dsRNA

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5
Q

What are the signaling types of PRRs?
Describe location and examples.

A

Toll like receptors- membranous, wide variety of ligands
NOD like receptors- cytoplasmic, peptidoglycan
RIG 1 like receptors- cytoplasmic, viral dsRNA

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6
Q

Where are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found?

A

Cell surface
Cytoplasmic
Endosomal
Soluble

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7
Q

Where are TLRs 4 and 5 located and function?

A

plasma membrane
recognize bacterial, fungal, parasite wall components

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8
Q

TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9 location and function?

A

Endosomal membrane, recognize bacterial/viral RNA, DNA

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8
Q

Write out the 4 components of PRR signaling?

A

Slide 8

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9
Q

IBD is common in what breed?
Why?
Result?

A

German shepherd
polymorphisms of TLR4 and TLR5 genes
Reduced ability to defend against bacteria in intestine

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10
Q

Why does normal flora in the gut not trigger enteritis?

A

TLR5 recognizes flagellin

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11
Q

Describe leaky gut syndrome?

A

Activation of normal flora

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12
Q

Where are NOD like receptors located, recognize what, signal through?

A

cytosol
peptidoglycan
NF-kB

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13
Q

Where are RIG-1-like receptors, recognize, activate, expression of?

A

cytosol
recognizes dsRNA and ssRNA
activates nF-KB
expression of type I IFNs

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14
Q

What do phagocytic receptors trigger?

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Phagocytic Complement receptor recognizes?

A

microbes coated with complement components

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16
Q

Phagocytic FcyR recognizes?

A

microbes coated with IG

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17
Q

Phagocytic mannose receptor recognizes?

A

sugar residues on microbes

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18
Q

In opsonization, C3b is recognized by Complement Receptor __ and __ (____).

A

1 and 3 (CR1 and CR3)

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19
Q

In opsonization, what is IGG recognized by?

A

FcYr

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20
Q

Draw and write out phagocytosis part II.

A

Slide 20

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20
Q

What action is more efficient phagocytosis than through PRRs alone?

A

opsonization

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21
Q

Write out the 4 steps of phagocytosis.

A

Slide 19

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22
Q

What produces mannose-binding lectin? Activates?

A

liver, CS

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22
Q

Draw and write out phagocytosis part III.

A

Slide 21, 22, 23

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23
Q

C-reactive major what? Produced by? Activates?

A

acute phase protein
liver
activates complement, enhances phagocytic clearance

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24
Q

How does the immune system recognize when self is damaged?

A

Stimulate immune response to clean up
Pathogenic tissue causes cell and tissue injury

25
Q

What does the immune system release in response to cell injury?

A

releases cytosolic/nuclear proteins and metabolites

26
Q

What does the immune system release in response to tissue injury?

A

extracellular matrix components

27
Q

Two types of DAMPs?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

28
Q

5 results of PRR signaling?

A

Phagocytic activation, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, lipid mediators

29
Q

What does phagocyte activation do?

A

upregulation of respiratory burst enzymes, phagocytic receptors, antigen presenting molecules

30
Q

Cytokine function?

A

Induce production of more leukocytes
Start inflammatory cascade

31
Q

Chemokine function?

A

Leukocyte recruitment

32
Q

Adhesion molecule function?

A

Allow leukocytes to stop and migrate from blood to tissues

33
Q

Lipid mediator function?

A

Arachidonic acid cascade
Platelet activating factor

34
Q

How do sentinel cells recognize and respond to PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

engagement of PRRs

35
Q

Three PRRs?

A

TLRs
NLRs
RLRs

36
Q

Ligand binding results in activation of ___ or _____. Thus, _______________

A

NF-KB or IRF
transcription of genes involved in inflammation

37
Q

Phagocytic PRRs trigger ________ thus _____________ involving enzymes, low pH, free radicals

A

engulfment of microbes
phagolysosomal degradation

38
Q

Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs triggers the formation of the _________ thus activation of _____ and _____.

A

inflammasome
IL1B and IL18

39
Q

NETS type of process?

40
Q

NETs respond to ______ and _______.

A

IL 8 and PAMPS

41
Q

NETS composed of? (what is super sticky)

A

DNA- super sticky
Histones
Elastase
Defensins
Myeloperoxidase

42
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes what? Presentation?

A

severe pleuropneumonia in dogs
Well demarcated areas of necrosis bordered by neutrophils and NETS

43
Q

What is a major basic protein? Cytotoxic for what?

A

Eosinophil; helminths

43
Q

Eosinophil cationic protein function?

A

Pore-forming in membranes
Digests RNA

44
Q

Eosinophil derived neurotoxin function?

A

Ribonuclease with antiviral properties

45
Q

Eosinophil peroxidase function?

A

Oxidative damage via H2O2

46
Q

NADPH oxidase on plasma membrane function?

A

oxidative burst

47
Q

What are the two types of receptors of NK?

A

Activation and Inhibitory receptors

48
Q

Function of activation receptor?

A

recognize viral proteins, altered surface glycoproteins , antibody coated cells

49
Q

Function of inhibitory receptor?

A

recognize normal MHC class I expressed on all nucleated cells, marker of self , overrides activation signaling

50
Q

If the inhibitory signal is absent then ______________.

A

releases lytic granules

51
Q

Where does perforin insert?

52
Q

Where does granzyme enter and trigger?

A

pore and apoptosis

53
Q

What are the 3 effector mechanisms of the innate immune system? Importance of each?

A
  1. Phagocytosis and degradation - extracellular and intracellular infections
  2. Extracellular granule release- extracellular and helminth infections
  3. NKC targeted cytotoxicity- viral infections and cancer
54
Q

Phagosomal maturation is the process of ______________ and ________________.

A

acidification and fusion with lysosomes
respiratory burst

55
Q

Uric acid is a _________.

56
Q

Any treatment that blocks IL1 will make pt

A

prone to infection

57
Q

Inflammasome activates

58
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

59
Q

Connection between PRRs and vaccination?

60
Q

TLRs and cancer connection?

A

See slide 45

61
Q

Write out slide 46.

Animal Health And Disease (12 decks)

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