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Animal Health And Disease > Innate Immunity: Barriers, Organs, and Cells > Flashcards

Innate Immunity: Barriers, Organs, and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

When does the body acquire the innate immune system, specificity, and time of response?

A

In place at birth
Non-specific
Responds immediately

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2
Q

What are the 3 main components of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Physical/physiological barriers
  2. Antimicrobial molecules
  3. Sentinel/phagocytic cells
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3
Q

What are the components of the epithelium that aid in its immune barrier?

A

Tight junctions
Cell turnover

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4
Q

What are the components of the mucus/tears/sebum that aid in its immune barrier?

A

pH
lysozyme- breaks down outer cell wall
bile
pancreatic enzymes

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5
Q

What are the components of the flushing/peristalsis that aid in its immune barrier?

A

mucociliary apparatus

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6
Q

Four physical/physiological barriers?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Mucus/tears/sebum
  3. Flushing/peristalsis
  4. Commensal flora
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7
Q

What are antimicrobial molecules produced by?

A

Epithelial cells and leukocytes

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8
Q

Functions of antimicrobial molecules?

A
  1. Direct toxicity to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, enveloped viruses, tumor cells
  2. Activate/recruit leukocytes
  3. Bind/neutralize lipopolysaccharide
  4. Stimulates wound healing, vascularization
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9
Q

4 examples of antimicrobial molecules?

A
  1. Defensins
  2. Cathelicidins
  3. Lysozyme
  4. Lactoferrin
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10
Q

Example of an opsonin?

A

C3b

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11
Q

What are the mucosal antibodies of opsonins?

A

IgM, IgA, IgG

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12
Q

What type of protein is the intersection between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Opsonins

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13
Q

What are opsonins more susceptible to and why?

A

More susceptible to phagocytosis because they are extracellular molecules that bind to microbes

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14
Q

Three examples of sentinel cells?

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Function of mast cells?

A

Initiate inflammation

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16
Q

Function of macrophages?

A

Inflammation and phagocytosis

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17
Q

Function of dendritic cells?

A

Process antigen to start adaptive response

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18
Q

Where are sentinel cell mainly located?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

Where are sentinel cells produced?

A

Hematopoiesis

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20
Q

What cells are myeloid?

A

Granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells

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21
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow/Bursa of Fabricus
Thymus

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21
Q

What cells are lymphoid?

A

T and B cells, natural killer cells

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22
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
MALT/GALT (peyer’s patches)/BALT

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23
Q

Stem cells are self what?

A

renewing

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23
Q

What cells comprise the majority of innate immune cells?

A

Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, myeloid dendritic cell, NKC, Lymphoid DC

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24
Q

Write out the pathway of hematopoiesis.

A
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25
Q

Two adaptive immune cells?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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26
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature?

A

generative lymphoid organs

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26
Q

Draw out the maturation of mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells.

A
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27
Q

Development of lymphocytes in birds and marrow? T cells?

A

Bird- bursa of fabricius
Mammal- Bone marrow
T cells- thymus

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28
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop?

A

Bone marrow

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29
Q

Where do mature naive B cells and T cells circulate to?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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30
Q

What are myeloid cells defined by?

A

Cell shape, nucleus shape, granule staining

31
Q

Describe pathway of naive B and T cells?

A

respond to antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues or return by lymphatic drainage to the blood and recirculate through other secondary lymphoid organs

32
Q

Two cell shape types?

A

Round vs. irregular

33
Q

Two shapes of nucleus?

A

Round vs. multilobulated

34
Q

Granule staining eosin?

A

Eosinophils

35
Q

Hematoxylin granule staining?

A

Basophil/mast cell

36
Q

Little dye uptake?

A

Neutrophil

36
Q

What type cell is the majority of circulating leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

Appearance of neutrophils?

A

Multilobular nucleus
Pale-staining granules

38
Q

Role of neutrophils?

A

First responders that aren’t in the tissue

39
Q

Primary function of neutrophils?

A

Primary function to kill infecting microbes

40
Q

Draw out what granule contents do?

A
41
Q

What are heterophils?

A

In rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs they act like neutrophils

42
Q

Birds heterophils lack significant ________.

A

myeloperoxidase

43
Q

What do neutrophil extracellular traps do?

A

Nuclear contents extruded

44
Q

NETosis type of process?

A

Active

45
Q

What are DNA coated with in NETosis?

A

histones and granule components

46
Q

What does NETosis capture?

A

microbes, kills them, destroys virulence factors

47
Q

Where are NET traps abundant?

A

At sites of acute inflammation

48
Q

Where do eosinophils live (type of tissue)?

A

connective tissue

49
Q

Eosinophil shape and nuclei shape?

A

Round; round to multilobular

50
Q

Eosinophil granules are _____________ (color)

A

brightly eosinophilic

51
Q

When do basophils migrate into tissues?

A

multicellular parasite infections, late phase allergic reactions

51
Q

Primary function of eosinophils? Plays a role in?

A

Multicellular parasites; allergic responses

52
Q

Basophil cell shape, nuclei shape, and color?

A

Round, multilobulated, deeply basophilic

52
Q

Monocytes are the circulating precursors of what two cells?

A

DCs and macrophages

53
Q

Macrophage shape, nucleus shape, color, and cytoplasm appearance?

A

large amoeboid, round, pale basophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm

53
Q

Basophil function?

A

Th2 response

53
Q

Monocyte function?

A

Respond to inflamed tissues

53
Q

Monocytes shape, nucleus shape, cytoplasm appearance?

A

Irregular, round to bean-shaped, pale basophilic with vacuoles

54
Q

Functions of macrophages?

A

Sentinel cells- produce cytokines
phagocytosis
antigen presentation

54
Q

Where do dendritic cells live?

A

connective tissue

54
Q

Dendritic cells type of process?

A

Dendrite-like

55
Q

The most effective function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presentation

56
Q

Where do mast cells reside?

A

Connective tissue near blood vessels and nerves

57
Q

Mast cell granule appearance?

A

Fine, basophilic granules

58
Q

4 functions of mast cells?

A

Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, Recruit other leukocytes, allergic responses

59
Q

Why do NKC not need prior sensitization and doesn’t express T or B cell receptors?

A

Have lymphoid lineage

60
Q

Size of NKC? Granule appearance?

A

Larger than other lymphocytes; fine, azurophilic (burgundy)

61
Q

Functions (2) of NKC?

A

1st line of defense against viruses
Secrete cytotoxic granules that drive apoptosis

62
Q

Neutrophil acute or chronic problem?

A

Acute

63
Q

Macrophage acute or chronic problem?

A

Chronic

64
Q

Lymphocyte acute or chronic problem?

A

Chronic

65
Q

Plasma cell acute or chronic problem?

A

Chronic

66
Q

Neutrophils cause?

A

Extracellular bacteria

67
Q

Macrophages cause?

A

intracellular bacteria/parasites, fungi, foreign bidy

68
Q

Eosinophil cause?

A

extracellular parasites, allergy

69
Q

Mast cell cause?

A

allergy

70
Q

Basophil cause?

A

allergy

71
Q

Eosinophil cause?

A

allergy

Animal Health And Disease (12 decks)

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